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THE  PURE  PEROXIDE  OF  HYDROGEN 

Dioxogen  offers  to  the  individual  in   the   habits   and   incidents 
of  every-day  life  the  antiseptic  cleanliness  that  modern  science  has 
proved  necessary  for  the  prevention  of  disease  and  the  mainten- 
ance of  health. 

Dioxogen  foams  and  bubbles  when  it  comes  in  contact  with  decay- 
ing matter,  infectious  substances,  disease  germs,  the  materials  in  which 
they  thrive  and  the  poisons  they  create;  the  foaming  and  bubbling  is 
tangible  evidence  that  Dioxogen  is  working;  even  the  blind  can  tell 
when  Dioxogen  works. 

Dioxogen  cleanses  the  mouth  and  throat;  it  foams  and  bubbles  as 
it  cleanses  decaying  food  particles  from  crevices  about  the  teeth,  kills 
offending  odors  and  disinfects  plate  and  bridge  work.  Used  as  a  gargle, 
it  cleanses  the  throat  of  secretions  and  accumulations — the  cause  of 
many  throat  disorders;  germs  and  germ  poisons  which  thrive  in  the 
mouth  and  throat  are  destroyed  by  Dioxogen.  Prof.  Osier  has  said : 
"  Oral  hygiene,  the  hygiene  of  the  mouth  and  throat,  there  is  not 
one  single  thing  more  important  to  the  public  in  the  whole  range  of 
hygiene." 

After  shaving  Dioxogen  prevents  infection  from  cuts  or  other 
causes ;  it  cleanses  skin  pores  from  clogging  and  obstructing  material ; 
removes  black  heads  and  ^>ther  skin  blemishes  due  to  parasitic  action ; 
perspiration  or  other  odors  are  instantly  destroyed  by  Dioxogen. 

Wounds,  cuts,  burns,  old  sores  and  skin  affections  can  all  be  kept 
ascptically  clean  by  the  aid  of  Dioxogen,  simple  injuries  prevented  from 
becoming  serious,  infection  and  septic  processes  averted. 

Dioxogen  treatment  for  all  classes  of  injuries  is  in  accord  with 
most  modern  hospital  practice ;  Bellevue  Hospital  has  used  as  much  as 
seven  tons  of  Dioxogen  in  a  single  year. 

Dioxogen,  the  pure  Peroxide  of  Hydrogen,  purer  and  stronger 
than  the  U.  S.  Pharmacopoeia  standard,  contains  no  acetanilid,  and  does 
not  undergo  the  changes  which  occur  in  acetanilid  preserved  Peroxide 
of  Hydrogen. 

The  name  Dioxogen  is  a  protection  against  inferior  bleaching 
qualities  of  Peroxide  of  Hydrogen. 


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CLASSIC  MYTHS  IN  ENGLISH 
LITERATURE 

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ALBERT  SOMES,  A.M.,  Aurora,  N.  Y. 


THE  DR.  HOLBROOK  SCHOOL,  Ossining,  N.  Y. 

Preparatory  School  for  Boys.  Established  1866.  Situated 
on  Briar  Cliff,  500  feet  above  sea  level.  Satisfactory  ref- 
erences as  to  character  are  necessary  for  enrollment.  For 
illustrated  catalogue,  address 

THE  DR.    HOLBROOK   SCHOOL,    Ossining,    N.    Y. 


TtTit     INDEPENDENT 


Vll 


16th  Summer  Session,  1909. 
June  28— August  20 


University  of  Michigan 

Regular  session  of  the  University— offering  more  than  275  Courses  in  Arts,  Engineering,  Medicine,  Law,  Pharmacy, 
and  Library  Methods.  Increased  facilities  for  graduate  work.  Delightful  location.  Expenses  low.  For  particulars 
address,  EDWARD  H.  KRAUS,  Secretary.  803  Oakland  Ave..  Ann  Arbor.  Mich. 


NEW    JERSEY 


NEW  JERSEY,  Bordentown-on-ihe-Delaware. 

MILITARY    INSTITUTE.     Our    firs*;  aim 
js  to  make  strong,  manly,  successful  men— 

physically,  mentally,  morally.    College  and  business  preparation. 

Catalogue.    Summer  camp  in  Ontario  woods,  Can.vda.   Rev.  T.  H. 

LANDON,  A.M.,  D.D.,  Prin.    Lient.-Col.  T.  D.  LANDON,  Com. 

OHIO 

Lake  Erie  College 

and  Conservatory  of  Music 

Standards  of  scholarship  those  of  the  leading  colleges 
with  emphasis  upon  care  of  health,  the  cultural  value  of 
beautiful  surroundings  and  the  training  of  women  as  teachers 
and  home  makers.*  The  fiftieth  anniversary,  was  celebrated 
last  year  by  sn  increase  in  endowment  and  equipment. 
Board'  and  tuition,  $300. 

Two    pipe   organs,    20   pianos,    course   of   artists     recitals. 
Director  of   Conservatory,    Harry    Clyde    Brooks,    Mus.    B. 
MARY  EVANS,  Litt.  D.,  President,  Box  I,  Painesville,  Ohio. 

PENNSYLVANIA 

Chestnut  Hill  Academy 

St.  Martins,   Chestnut  Hill,   Pa. 

A  boarding  school  for  boys  in  the  elevated  and  attractive 

country  north  of  Philadelphia.     Catalogues   on  application. 

J.  L.  PATTERSON,   Headmaster. 

PENNA.— Concordville,  Delaware  Co.,  Box.  62. 
MAPIFWnnn  An  Ideal  Home  for  Boys.  48th  year. 
IwtrlJjff  VVW  Beautiful  and  healthful  location,  in  the 
country,  near  Phlla.  Fine  gym.  All  out-door  games. 
Fishing  and  bathing.  No  tobacco.  No  hazing.  Special 
care  to  young  boys,  under  the  supervision  of  the  Prin- 
cipal's wife.  Entire  cost,  with  or  without  instruction, 
from  June  4  to  Sept.  16,  $110.  Fall  term  begins  Sept.  1(5. 
J.  SHORTLEDGE,  A.  M.  Yale,  Prin.  * 


URSINUS  COLLEGE 

COLLEGEVILLE,    PA. 

(24  miles  from  Philadelphia) 

REV.  A.  EDWIN  KEIGWIN,  D.  D.,  President. 

TWENTIETH  ANNUAL  SUMMER  SESSION 

Opens  June  21,  1909. 
FORTIETH   ACADEMIC  YEAR 

Begins   September   16,    1909. 
Address  GEORGE  LESLIE  OMWAKE,    Dean. 


PLAYWRIT1NG 


TAUGHT    BY     MAIL 

Plays  constructed  under 
supervision  of  the  faculty 
by  means  of  written  lec- 
tures dictated  to  each  student  personally.  Send  for  the 
free  essay  on  this  Greatest  of  Arts. 

INSTITUTE    OF    THE    DRAMA,    Easton,     Pa. 

VIRGINIA     

STUART  HAUL 

Formerly  Virginia  Female  Institute,  Staunton.Va. 

Church  School  for  Girls.  Primary,  Intermediate  and  Col- 
lege Preparatory.  Regular  and  elective  courses.  Native 
French  teacher.  School  located  in  far-famed  "Valley  of 
Virginia."  Travel  School  abroad.  Gymnastics;  ample 
grounds  for  athletics.  66th  session  opens  Sept.  23rd. 
For  catalogue,  address 

MARIA  PENDLETON  DUVAL.  Principal. 


Af\     A  do  fir*  i/     ls  valuable   in   proportion    to  its   in- 
**I1    **geni»y      fluence.      If   it   merely    hears   of    v* 

cancles  and  tells  ff^j.  A  Is  something,  but  if  it  is  asked  to 
you  about  them,  ll\cM  recommend  a  teacher  and  rec- 
ommends you,  that  is  more.  Ours 
C.  W.  BARDEEN,  Syracuse,  N.  Y. 


ILLINOIS 


The  University  of  Chicago 

Offers  425  courses  by  200  instructors  for  the  Sum- 
mer Quarter  in  THE  GRADUATE  SCHOOLS  of 
Arts  and  Literature,  Ogden  School  of  Science. 
THE  COLLEGES — Undergraduate  Colleges  of  Arts, 
Literature  and  Science.  THE  PROFESSIONAL 
SCHOOLS — Divinity,  Law,  Medicine,  and  Education. 
The  Summer  Quarter  is  one  of  the  regular  quarters 
of  University  work.  The  courses  are  the  same  in 
character,  method  and  credit  value  as  in  other 
parts  of  the  year. 

1st  Term  June  21-July  28.    2nd  Term  July  29-Sept.  3 

(Autumn  Quarter  begins  October  1) 

Detailed   information   on   request. 

The  University  of  Chicago,  Chicago,  Illinois 


SUMMER  CAMPS 


CAMP  OSSIPEE'Lake  Ossipee) 

A  SUMMER  CAMP  AND  WINTER  TUTORING  SCHOOL 

A  modern  equipped  outing  and  athletic  camp  for  boys. 
Cottages  for  sole  use  of  parents.  Large  farm,  stables 
with  saddling  and  driving  horses;  private  tutoring  sum- 
mer and  winter  if  desired.  Appointments  made  in  New 
York.  H.  B.  YOUNG,  Boston  Athletic  Association, 
Boston,  Mass. 

CAMP  ALGONQUIN 

Asquam  Lake,  N.  H.  A  select  camp  for  Manly 
Boys.  Twenty-fourth  season  opens  June  26th. 
Personal  supervision,  outdoor  life,  tutoring.  For 
circulars  address  EDWIN  De  MERITTE,  815 
Boylston  Street,  Boston,  Mass. 

SYLVANIAWASSEE 

A  Select  Maine  Camp  for  Boys 

Numbers  limited.  Personal  supervision  by  experienced 
men.  Field,  water  and  forest  sports.  Booklet.  J.  E. 
DEMEYER,  Supt.  of  Schools,  Egypt,  Mass. 

CAMP  WINNECOOK 


a  Summer  Camp  for 
Boys  at  Lake  Winiu'- 
cook,  Maine.  Canoeing. 
mountain  climbing,  athletic  and  aquatic  sports.  Tent  life 
among  the  pines.  7th  season.  Illustrated  booklet. 
HY.  L.  RAND,  Prin.  C.  A.  Daniels  School,  Maiden,  Mass. 


CAMP  WONPOSET, 

An  ideal  vacation  camp  for  young  boys.  Splendid 
climate.  Plenty  of  wholesome  fun,  fishing,  boating,  and 
all  the  other  sport  boys  love.  Send  for  booklet  to 

ROBERT   TINDALE,   31    East   yist  St.,   New   York. 

DINE  ISLAND  CAMP,  Belgrade  Lakes,  Me.  Exceptional 
*  equipment.  Councilors  of  character  and  experience. 
Exploration  trips  on  land  and  water.  Athletics.  Canoe- 
ing. Sailing  and  motor-boating.  Black  bass  fishing.  Moun- 
tain climbing.  Schooner-yacht  for  ocean  cruise.  Tutoring. 
Camp  limited  to  25  select  boys.  References  required. 
Eugene  L.  Swan,  tf.D..  418  Lafayette  Ave.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 


Vlll 


THE     INDEPENDENT 


Another  Little  Journey  «."  World 

with  Mrs.  Beckwith.  Party  limited  to  ten.  Leaves  X.  V. 
June  26th,  returning  Sept.  4th,  costing  $600,  and  visit- 
ing The  Azores,  Gibraltar,  Italy,  The  Italian  Hill  Towns, 
Italian  Lakes,  Switzerland,  Germany,  the  Rhine,  France 
and  England.  Address 

MRS.  C.  A.   BECKWITH,  New  Rochelle,  N.  Y. 


99H   Tnnr        All     North     Europe,     including 

MR   lOUr.      Mldnlght      Sun      and      Russia, 
June   22   to   Sept.   2.      $500  to   $575. 

REV:  RAY  ALLEN,   Rochester,  N.  Y. 


n  TD  ADI?           Send   for  booklet.     Best 
fjUIiUrlj           way    to   see    Europe    at 

•^^^MiM^HB          moderate    cost. 
J.  P.  Graham,  IDEAL  EUROPEAN   TOURS 
Box    1055-A                    Pittsburg,  Pa. 

THE 

IDEAL 

WAY 

Naples    to   London,    $250. 
British  Isles   Tour,    $205. 

Berlin — Vienna — Athens — Rome — Paris — London,  $450. 
S.  H.  LONQLEY,    -    314  Main  Street.  Worcester,  Mass. 

EUROPE— A  Traveling  Chautauqua 
"Without   the    crowd;    not  size    but   quality.      5  tours,    interested    in 
everything  worth  while.    THE  CHAUTAUQUA  TOURS,  Appleton.  Wis. 


SHORT  VACATION  TOURS 

Bureau   of    University    Travel,    10    Trinity    PI.,    Boston. 

HEALTH  IN  THE  HILL  TOPS 

of    Orange,    Sullivan,    Ulster,    and    Delaware     Counties, 
N.  Y.,  on  the 

NEW  YORK,  ONTARIO  &  WESTERN  RAILWAY 

SUMMER   HOMES    in    a   region    of    absolute   HEALTH 

AT   MODERATE   COST. 

2,000  feet  above  the  sea;  pure  air,  pure  water,  pure  milk, 
no  malaria,  no  mosquitoes.  Three  Hours  from  New 
York — recommended  by  physicians;  send  8  cents  to  the 
undersigned,  jr  call  and  get  free  at  offices  below  the 
SUPERBLY  ILLUSTRATED  BOOK,  "SUMMER 
HOMES,"  of  140  pages.  It  gives  a  list  of  Hotels, 
Farms,  and  Boarding  Houses,  location,  rates  of  board, 
attractions,  etc.  Information  Uureau,  425  Broadway, 
N.  Y. 

IN  NEW  YORK— 141,  425,  1354  Broadway,  245  Co- 
lumbus Ave.,  2798  3d  Ave.,  in  West  i2Stb  St.,  182  $tb 
Ave.  Ticket  offices,  Desbrosses  and  West  42d  St.  fer- 
ries, 56  Beaver  St. 

IN  BROOKLYN— 4  Court  St.,  479  Nostrand  Avs., 
390  Broadway,  The  Eagle  Information  Bureau. 

May  29th,  3oth,  and  ^ist,  excursion  tickets  at  re- 
duced rates  will  be  sold,  giving  an  opportunity  of  per- 
sonally selecting  a  summer  home  and  also  enjoying  a 
day's  fishing  in  this  delightful  region.  Tickets  good  re- 
turning May  30-31  or  June  i. 

J.  R.   DUNBAR, 
Gen'l    Pass.    Agent,    56    Beaver    St.,    N.    Y. 


HILR5MHINT5 

c/br  YOXIP  \S\immer  Outing 

VACATION  IAND 

WRITE  TO-DAY 

for  a  copy  of 

NEW  ENGLAND 

VACATION 

RESORTS 

FREE    FOR    THE   ASKING. 
Every  Vacationist  and  Tourist 
shou.d  have  a  copy  at  once. 

Tells    you    Where    to    Go, 
Where  to  Stay,   What   to 

See,  and  gives  alldet  ils  as 
to  costs  and  accommoda- 
tions.    Address 

"VACATION" 

Passenger  Dept. 
North  Station 

Boston, 

Mass. 


IlNE 


Nova  Scotia 

Cape  Breton 

Prince  Edward  Island 

Newfoundland 


Best  country  on  earth  for 
summer  outing,  rest  and  recreation  combined.  Climate 
delightfully  cool.  Scenery  grand.  Trout  and  salmon 
fishing  excellent.  Steamers  "Halifax"  and  "A.  \V. 
Perry"  are  of  the  ocean-going  type,  have  large  promenade 
decks,  splendid  staterooms,  and  are  perfectly  adapted  for 
the  comfort  of  patrons.  Sailings  once  a  week  till  last 
of  June,  then  three  times.  All  rates  are  low.  Send  for 
colored  map  and  booklets.  A.  W.  PERRY,  Gen.  Mgr., 
No.  74  Commercial  Wharf,  Boston. 


THE  INDEPENDENT 


SWITZERLANDS 


ALASKA -YUKON-  PACIFIC 

EXPOSITION— Seattle  June  1  to  October  16, 1909 
Via  The  Canadian  Rocky  Mountain  National  Park 


Pre-eminent  Natural  Grandeur.     A  paradise  for  Mountaineers,  Naturalists,  Geologists, 
and   Minerallurgists.       Most  delightful  place  in  the  world  for  a  vacation. 
Hole 


Spleadid    Hotel   Accommodation.  Luxurious   Tram    Service. 

Write  for  copy  of  "Challenge  of  the  Mountain*." 


CANADIAN  PACIFIC  RAILWAY 


ROBERT  KERR,  Passenger  Traffic  Manager 
¥..  Department  "B" 

wl'/  MONTREAL,  CANADA 

:'•*?«$.£  <. 


THE     INDEPENDENT 


Hudson  River  Day  Line 

The  Most  Charming  Inland  Water  Trip  on  the  American  Continent 
PALATIAL      STEEL      STEAMERS 


"Hendrick  Hudson" 
"Albany" 


"Robert  Fulton" 
"Mary  Powell" 


Leave  Brooklyn    (Annex) 8.00   A.   IvI.    I     Leave  Ne\v   York,   W.    4zd  St 9.00   A.   M. 

Leave   New    York,    Desbrosses    Street 8.40  A.   M.    |     Leave   W.    lagth   Street 9.20  A.    M. 

South  Bound,  Leave  Albany  8.30  A.   M. 
Service  begins  from  New  York,  Thursday,  May  27th;  from  Albany,  Friday,   May   28th. 

ALL  SERVICE,  DAILY  EXCEPT  SUNDAY. 
Landings*— Yonkers,  West  Point,  Newburgh,  .Poughkeepsie,  Kingston    Point,    Catskill,    Hudson    and    Albany. 

Direct  Connecting  Trains  on  Wharves  for  all  Points  In  Catskllls. 

Saratoga*  and  Lake  George.  With  Easy  Connections,  Tickets  Sold  and 

Baggage  Checked  for  all  Points.  East.  North  and  West 

TICKETS  VIA  "DAY  LINE"  ON  SALE  AT  ALL  OFFICES. 
See  Time  Tables  for  Ideal  One  Day  and  One-Half  Day  Outings   from   New   York 

Send  6  cents  for  a  copy  of  Summer  Excursion  Book 
F.  B.  HIBBARD.  Gen.  Pass.  Agent  Desbrosses  Street  Pier.  New  York  City 

ANNOUNCEMENT— "Mary  Powell"  (Kingston  boat)  service  opens  May  24th,  leaving  Desbrosses  Street  1.45  P.  M.; 
W.  42d  Street,  2.00  P.  M.;  W.  \2g\\i  Street,  2.20  P.  M.  On  June  28th  the  Day  Line  Steamer  "Albany"  will 
resume  the  Special  Service  to  Poughkeepsie  and  return,  leaving  New  York  landings  one  hour  later  than  the  regular 
morning  boat;  making  a  triple  seri-ice  to  Poughkeepsie  and  intermediate  landings.  See  Time  Tables. 


PANAMA  RAIL  ROAD  COMPANY 

PANAMA  RAIL  ROAD  STEAMSHIP  LINE 


Between  New  York  and  the  Canal 
Zone  (Isthmus  of  Panama),  con- 
necting at  Panama  with  steamers  for  Pa- 
cific Ports  of  Panama,  Colombia,  Ecua- 
dor, Peru,  Chili,  Costa  Rica,  Nicaragua, 
Honduras,  Salvador,  Guatemala,  Mexico 
and  North  Pacific  Coast  Ports  of  the 
United  States. 


S.  S.  "  COLON,"  5,700  Tons 
S.  S.  "  PANAMA,"  5,700  Tons 


I  S.  S.  "  ALLIANCA,"  3,000  Tons 
I  S.  S.  "  ADVANCE,"  2,700  Tons 


Having  superior  accommodations  for  passengers  and  equipped  with  Wireless  outfits. 
Steamers  leave  every  six  days  from  Pier  67  North  River,  foot  West  27th  Street. 
General  Offices,  No.  24  State  Street. 


TH£     INDEPENDENT 


2,000,000  Acres  of 
Fish  and  Game  Preserve 

A  woodland  paradise  for  the 
fisherman  and  camper,  2,000  feet 
above  sea  level. 

Algonquin 
National  Park 

of  Ontario 

Speckled  trout,  salmon  trout 
and  black  bass  abound  in  the 
1,200  lakes  and  rivers  of  this  vast 
territory. 

Camp  out  and  rough  it;  or,  if 
you  prefer,  good  hotel  accommo- 
dations make  it  an  ideal  sum- 
mering place  for  tourists. 

A  beautifully  illustrated  publi- 
cation, which  gives  careful  de- 
scription, maps,  etc.,  sent  free  on 
application  to 

G.  W.  VAUX,   917  Merchants  Loan 
&  Trust  Bldg.,  Chicago 
SB,  290  Broadway,  New  York 


Washington  St.  Boston 
SON,  506  Park  Bldg.,  Pittsburg 

W.  E.  DAVIS,  Pass.  Traffic  Manager 

MONTREAL 

G.  T.  BELL,  Gen'l  Pass.  &  Ticket  Agt. 
MONTREAL 


MS 


The  Best  Place 


to  spend  your  vacation  is  the  place  that  offers  every 
kind  of  recreation  and  sport     a  place  where  you  can 
paddle,  sail,  swim,  motor,  ride,  golf,  hunt,  fish  or  just 
y        be  lazy,  as  the  mood  strikes  you. 

Send  1  0  cents  in  stamps  for  the  NEW  1  909  Lackawanna 
Vacation  Book. 

"MOUNTAIN  AND  LAKE  RESORTS" 

It  contains   110  pages  of   description  and  information  with  numerous 
illustrations.      It    tells    the    best  place   to   g-o,    how    to   get   there,    cost 
of  railroad  fares,   the  best  place   to  stay,  with  lists  of  hotels,  boarding 
houses,    and   rates,    etc.      Address 

George  A.  Culfen, 

Qeneral  Passenger  Agent  Lackawanna  Railroad 
Department   25,    90   West  St.,   New   York   City. 


[aekawatna 

Railroad 


Crouch 

Fitzgerald 

TRUNKS,  TRAVELING 
BAGS  AND  CASES 

177  Broadway 

Above  Cortlandt  St 

154  Fifth  Avenue 

N.  W.  cor.  20th  St. 

723  Sixth  Avenue 

Below  42d  St. 

Wardrobe  Trunks 


MIDLAND  RAILWAY 

BEST  ROUTE   in  the  OLD  COUNTRY  for 

COMFORTABLE    TRAVEL,    PICTURESQUE 
SCENERY    AND    RFSTAURANT     SERVICE 

Peak  of  Derbyshire,  Yorkshire  Inland 
Spas,  Scotland,  North  of  Ireland,  Etc. 

Apply    to    Midland    Railway,     Derby,     England,    or 

THOS.    COOK    &    SON,    245    &    1200    Broadway. 

For   freight   Information    apply    to 

THOS.    MEADOWS  &  CO., 
91   New  St.   and  9  Beaver  St.,   N.    Y. 
W.    GUY    GRANET,    General    Manager,  Derby. 


XI 1 


THE    INDEPENDENT 


Hotels 


Hotel  Cumberland 

NEW  YORK 
S.  W.  Cor.  Broadway  at  54th  Street 

Near  50th  St.  Subway  and  53d  St.  Eletatad  and  accasslbla  to 
all  surface  Unas. 

Ideal  Location. 

Near 

Theatres,  Shops  and 
Central    Park. 

NEW  AND 
FIREPROOF 

STRICTLY  FIRST  CLASS 

Hardwood  Floors 

and  Oriental  Rugs 

European   Plan 

10  minutes  walk 
to    20    Theatres 

Transient  Rates, 

$2.5*   with    Bath, 

and   up. 

Restaurant  Unexcelled 
Prices  Reasonable 

Send  for  Booklet. 
HARRY  P.  STIMSON,  Formerly  with  Hotel  Imperial. 
R.  J.  BINGHAM,  Formerly  with  Hotel  Woodward. 


HOTEL  MARTINIQUE 

ALL  OUTSIDE  ROOMS 

Broadway  and  33d  Street 

New  York  City 

Rooms.  $2.0O  per  day  and  up 

Room  and  Bath,  $3.00  per  day  and  up 

Parlor,  Bedroom  and  Bath,  $-5.00  per  day  and  up 

HOTEL  ST.  DENIS 

EUROPEAN   PLAN 

Broadway  and  llth  Street 

New  York  City 

Rooms  $1.00  and  upward 
WX1.  TAYLOR  &.  SON.  Inc, 


CHALFONTE 

AND 

ATLANTIC  CITY 


the  one  suggests  the  other ; 
one  of  the  world's  most 
famous  resorts ;  one  of  the 
world's  most  attractive  resort 
houses. 

Write     for     reservations     to 


The  LEEDS  COMPANY 

ALWAYS  OPEN  ON  THE  BEACH 


HOTEL 
EMPIRE 

BROADWAY  &  63rd  St. 

[Lincoln  Square] 
NEW    YORK    CITY 

A  Family  and  Transient  Hotel 

OF  THE  BEST  CLASS 
In  the  very  center  of  everything  worth  while 

CAFE  and  RESTAURANT   NOTED   for  excellent  cook- 
ing,  efficient  service  and   moderate   prices. 

Rooms    with    detached   bath $1.50  per  day  and  up 

Rooms   with    private    bath 2.00     ' 

Parlor,    bedroom    and    bath 3.50     ' 

Send   for  Free   GUIDE   TO   NEW  YORK. 
W.   JOHNSON   QUINN,   Proprietor. 


THE     INDEPENDENT 


Brlarcllff  Manor,  N.  V. 

BRIARCLIFF  LODGE 

A  Resort  Hotel  of  Higb  Quality 

Will  open  May  ist  with  superior  accommodations  for 
three  hundred  guests.  Thirty  miles  from  New  York. 
New  garage,  golf  links.  Best  of  service. 

DAVID  B.   PLUMER,    Manager. 
Represented  at   5*6   East  46th   St.,   New   York. 

HOTEL  BRUNSWICK 

BOSTON,  MASSACHUSETTS 
EUROPEAN  and  AMERICAN  PLANS 

/"\N    the    Coast   of   Maine  —  Midway   between    Portland    and 

^     Rockland.      Always    cool;     excellent    fishing,     boating, 

and  bathing;  large  airy  rooms;  terms  $7  and  $8  per  week. 

THE  MORTON  HOUSE,   Round  Pond,    Me. 

LOUR  LODGE 

DIgby,    Nova  Scotia 

Is  the  place  for  those  seeking  REST,  RECRE- 
ATION and  RECUPERATION.  Write  for 
illustrated  booklet  to 

A.  W.  BROWN,  Lour  Lodge,  Digby,  N.  S. 

EUROPEAN 

THE  BELLEVUE 
HOTEL 

The    moSt    distinguished    house    of    old    reputation.       In 
unique    position.      All    modern    improvements.      Rooms    and 
apartments  with  private  bath  and   toilette  attached. 
R.    RONNEFELD,    Gen.   Manager. 


DRESDEN 


FRANZENSBAD, 


KOPP'S  HOTEL,  KONIGSVELLA 
and   Villa   Beau-sefour 

Mineral  mud  baths;  American  comforts;  motor  garage; 
headquarters  of  Golf  Club;  Patronized  by  Royalty  and  best 

society.        « 


HOTELS 


IN     EUROPE 

Brochure  describing  most  desirable 
hotels  all  over  Europe.  Free.  The 
Chautauqua  Tours,  Appleton,  Wis. 


E 


ASTON    SANITARIUM 

Select  class  of  nervous  and  mental  patients  received. 
25  years'  experience;  late  first  Assistant  Physician  In 
Middletown,  N.  Y.,  State  Hospital;  visit  before  de- 
ciding. C.  SPENCER  KINNEY,  M.  D.t  Eaeton,  Pla. 


II7ITF1VT  II  I  Write  to  Steuben  Sanitarium,  Hor- 
IwHr,  1  •  nell>  N-  Y-.  for  free  booklet  de- 
ll 11UI1  AEJLI  scribing  all  the  advantages  of  this 

splendid  institution.  Perfect  hygiene  and  beautiful  sur- 
roundings. 


Authors  Seeking  a  Publisher 

Should  communicate  with  tb« 
Cocbrtne  Publishing  Co.,  888 
Tribune  Building,  New  York 
City. 


MEDAL  OF  HIGHEST  AWARD 

lf  *  JAMESTOWN  EXPOSITION 

Add  TONE  to  Your  Stationery  in 

the  OFFICE,  BANK,  SCHOOL 
or   HOME    by    using    only    the 
Washburne  Patent  Adjustable 

Uf\  V»     PAPER 
U.IV    FASTENERS 

There  is  genuine  pleasure  in 
their  use  as  well  as  Perfect  Se- 
curity. Easily  put  on  or  taken 
off  with  the  thumb  and  finger. 

Can  be  used  repeatedly  and  "the})  always  mark- "      Made  ol 
brass,  3  sizes.     Put  up  in  brass  boxes  of  1 00  Fasteners  each. 
Handsome.    Compact.    Strong.    No  Slipping,  NEVER ! 

All  Stationers.  Send  lOc  for  sample  box  of  50,  assorted. 
Illustrated  booklet  free.      Liberal  discount  to  (be.  trade. 

|The  0.  K.  Mfg.  Co.  Dept.4,  Syracuse,  N.  Y. 


m 


MMTELS 


W*H.JACKSON  COMPANY 

Union  Sq.JfQrth~29£.179&. 


The 


ire  Hills  Sanatorium 


Established  Thirty-one  Years. 


For  the  exclusive  treatment  of  cancer  and  all  other  forms 
of  malignant  and  benign  new  growths  (except  those  in  the 
stomach,  other  abdominal  organs,  and  the  thoracic  cavity), 

With  the  Escharotic  Method 

(without  resorting  to  surgical  procedure).  < 

Ask  your  family  physician  to  make  a  personal  investigation. 
This  institution  is  conducted  upon  a  strictly  ethical  basis. 
Complete  information  given  upon  request.  Address, 

»L    WALLACE  E.  BROWN,  M.  D. 
NORTH  ADAMS,  MASS. 


THE     INDEPENDENT 


REAL  ESTAT  E 


Desirable  Country 
Property 

FOR  SALE  OR  RENT 

THE  BERKSHIRE  HILLS 


JAMES       O'BRIEN 

Gleaner  Block,  Lee,  Mass. 

SPLENDID  OPPORTUNITY 

To  purchase  at  sacrifice  price,  elegant  estate  of  112 
acres,  20  miles  from  Boston.  Mansion  house,  16  rooms,  3 
bathrooms,  hot  water  and  steam  heat,  hardwood  floors, 
electric  lights — everything  equal  to  any  city  residence — 
beautiful  lawns  shaded  by  magnificent  trees.  Also  14-room 
house,  modern  conveniences  and  8-room  cottage.  New 
stable  cost  $8,000,  cow  barn  65  tie-ups,  icehouse,  toolhouses, 
wagon  sheds,  two  silos,  modern  hygienic  dairy,  poultry 
plant  for  3,000  chickens.  Near  station,  electrics  pass. 
Owner's  change  of  residence  offers  unusual  chance  to 
acquire  at  a  bargain  this  fine  property.  Photos  shown  and 
particulars  given  by  W.  E.  THAYER.  52  Elm  St..  Boston. 

INGLESIDE  BUNGALOW 

NEW    MILFORD.    CT. 
To  rent  from  June  19th  to  September  19th 

Beautiful  hill  country,  large  grounds,  athletic  fields, 
spacious  house,  broad  piazzas,  all  modern  conveniences, 
perfect  and  abundant  water  supply,  electric  light,  open 
fireplaces.  May  be  seen  at  any  time.  For  particulars 
address  MRS.  W.  D.  BLACK,  New  Milford,  Ct. 

FARMS  AND  COUN- 
TRY  HOMES  NEAR 

Virninia  WASHINGTON 

Wlltjlllla  Loudoun  and  Fairfax 
County  Stock  Farms  a  Specialty. 
A.  H.  BUELL  Real  Estate  Broker,  Herndon,  Fairfax  Co.,  Va. 

SEND    FOR    NEW    SPRI  NG    LI  ST 

Highland  Lake,  Winsted,  Ci.   f fc  a°pr,  '&. 

room  furnished  cottage  on  shore,  acre  woodlands,  near 
hotel.  DR.  WOLFE,  Succasunna,  N.  J. 

trriD  ClAY  F1  .II-room  cottage  with  all  modern 
*  "«^  JrmMjlj  improvements,  nicely  furnished,  at 
Westbrook,  Conn.,  directly  on  the  shore.  Price  $5,000. 
A  go-acre  farm  near  Gardiner  Lake,  Conn.,  house  and 
barn,  sheds,  etc.  Price  $1,000.  Inquire  of  CHARLES 
REYNOLDS,  Middletown,  Conn. 


Northern 


COUNTRY  ESTATES 

Farms    and   Village    Properties 

FOR    SALE     BY 

MOORE  &  WYCKOFF 

546  Fifth  Avenue  New  York  City 

Telephone,  1262  Bryant  Corner  45th  Street 

Illustrated  Pamphlet  on  Country  Estates  sent  free 
on  application  to  subscribers  of  The  Independent 

FARMS   FOR  SALE 

400-acre  farm,  five  miles  west  of  Norfolk,  Conn.;  good 
house  and  barns;  cuts  about  100  tons;  price,  $8,000;  also 
80-acre  farm  (fine  land);  9-room  house  and  barns,  includ- 
ing stock  and  full  equipment;  five  miles  from  Derby, 
Conn.;  2  hours  New  York;  price,  $5,000. 

FRED,    T.     ROLFE 

ANSONIA.    CONN. 

Furnished  Houses, Residential 
Places    and  Building  Sites. 

For  further  particulars,  apply  to 

F\   E.    GREEIM,    Real  Estate 

New    Canaan          -  -          Connecticut 

r-LOSE  UNIVERSITY  OF  VIRGINIA  at  Charlottesville. 
**  (12,000  population.)  150  acres  fertile,  gently  rolling 
land,  adapted  blue  grass,  clover,  timothy,  wheat  and  fruit. 
Attractive  residence,  standing  in  grove  original  forest 
trees;  commanding  situation;  superb  mountain  views;  ample 
outbuildings.  Nice  orchard  and  vineyard.  Good  roads; 
choice  school  and  social  advantages.  Age  owner,  reason 
selling.  Price,  $6,500.  Send  for  details  to  BOX  282, 
Lynchburg,  Va. 

WEONA  PARK 

Bungalow  Plots  for  sale  in  heart  of  Hudson  Highlands, 
40  miles  from  New  York  on  West  Shore  Road.  Numerous 
springs  of  purest  water,  superb  views,  river  and  mountain. 
Cool  nights  thru  the  Summer.  No  Mosquitoes.  Cottages 
to  rent.  $100  for  season.  Prices  of  lots  low.  Write  for 
Illustrated  Circular.  F.  H.  CARTER,  52  Wall  St. 

FOP  *iAI  F  — Fifty  acres  of  land.  Fifteen  hundred  feet 
l  vi\.  OrtUL  above  sea  level.  House  suitable  for  sum- 
mer boarders.  Beautiful  view  twenty  miles,  river,  valley, 
mountains.  C.  E.  McKINNEY,  122  Maple  St.,  Athens,  Pa. 

THOMAS    F».    LEAMAN 


Camps,  Cottages,  Yachts 


Broker  for  Maine  and 
New  Hampshire 

85  Market  Street,  Portland,  Maine 

LYME,  CONN. 

To  let,  old  Colonial  house,  15  rooms,  and  two  cottages 
of  13  and  11  rooms,  all  with  modern  improvements  and 
fully  furnished.  Address 

MRS.    E.    E.    SALISBURY,    New    Haven,    Ct. 

TO  RENT  FOR  THE  SUMMER  -£?™ffi; 


sey.  Twelve  room  house,  completely  furnished.  Large 
verandas,  attractive  location,  shade  and  fruit  trees,  garden, 
stable  and  garage.  Eight  minutes  walk  from  station. 
Can  be  had  from  June  1st  to  October  1st.  Terms  reason- 
able. Address  JOHN  MOODY,  Room  517,  35  Nassau 
Street.  New  York.  _ 

FOR    RENT  —  Island    with   fine   trees   in   Thousand    Islands. 
near     Alexandria     Bay.       Furnished    cottage,     six     bed- 
rooms;  plumbing    (new).     Small  motor  boat  and  row  Boat. 
$350    for    summer.      Address    F.    A.    M.,    94    York    Square, 
New  Haven,  Conn. 


THE     INDEPENDENT 


xv 


Petfect 


Toilet 


calls/or 


HAND 


SAPOUO 


IT  Joes  all  that  other  soaps  do  and  adds  exhilaration.  No  other 
toilet  soap  is  like  it  in  composition  or  in  action.  The  vegetable  oils 
and  nne  flour  of  silex  work  wonders  in  i 
cleansing,  enlivening  and  health-renew- 
ing the  skin  in  a  manner  that  chemical 
action  could  not  approach.  From  baby's 
delicate  skin  to  the  needs  of  the  hath  it 
has  no  eaual.  Prove  it  for  vourself. 


HAND 
SAPOLiO 

FOR 


yourse 


THE     INDEPENDENT 


FEEDING  THE  SCALP 

^/l  Little  Sermon  on  Soap 

DULL,  lustreless  Hair  denotes  a  starved  Scalp,  when  it  does  not  denote  a  dirty  one. 
Glossy,  lustrous,  flexible  Hair  denotes  a  healthy,  well-nourished  Scalp,  as  well  as  a 
cleanly  one. 
Thousands  of  people  who  are  very  fastidious  about  washing  their  hands  and  faces, 
and   about   taking  a  Bath  every  day,  do  not  wash  their  Hair  even  once  a  month. 

And  surely  the  Hair  is  much  more  likely  to  collect  dust,  dirt,  perspiration,  and  worn- 
out  Cuticle  than  either  the  face  or  the  body. 

Surely  the  accumulation  of  these  forms  of  dirt  must  breed  Bacteria  and  attract  Disease- 
Germs  more  than  any  other  common  source  of  contagion. 

So  that  dull,  lustreless  Hair  is  a  very  unpleasant  sign  to  the  initiated. 

It   is  also  as  unnecessary  as  it  is  unpleasant. 

Because   Cleanliness  and   Nutrition  will  bring  lustre  to  any  Hair  that  is  living. 

v«      v«      N« 

But  Cleanliness  is  too  often  secured  at  the  expense  of  Nutrition. 

Many  well-intentioned  people  not  only  starve  their  Scalps  for  want  of  sufficient  Skin- 
food,  but  parch  out  the  little  remaining  Nutrients  stored  up  in  its  cells,  by  the  use  of  Caus- 
tic Soaps. 

These  Soaps  are  successful  enough  in  cleaning  the  Scalp,  because  their  excess  of  Alkali 
cuts  not  only  the  accumulated  dirt  in  the  Hair,  but  also  cuts  out  all  its  Natural -Oils — its 
supply  of  Nourishment. 

The  use  of  Alkali  in  Soap,  you  know,  is  to  cut  its  Fatty  Oils  so  that  it  will  Saponify 
and  lather  freely. 

An  ex-cess  of  Alkali  makes  easy  washing,  but  it  also  parches  the  Scalp  or  Skin,  and 
replaces  none  of  the  dirty  Oils  it  cuts  out  with  a  nourishing  supply  of  Clean  Oils  and  Nu- 
trients. 

Many  alleged  "Hair  Growers"  help  on  this  "drying-out"  process  till  the  Scalp  scales, 
the  Hair  grows  dull  and  lustreless,  brittle,  fine,  and  falls  out  gradually  to  the  Stage  of  Bald- 
ness. 

The  Scalp  has  then  been  finally  starved. 

Well,— what  to  do?— you  ask.  "*    "*    "* 

Feed  it  while  cleaning  it. 

Disinfect  it  from  Bacteria  while  you  feed  and  clean  it. 

Wash  it  twice  a  week  with  Soap  that  is  overflowing  with  bland,  soothing,  nourishing 
"Sweet-Oil"  characteristics,  preserved  and  sterilized  by  a  Skin-specific  prescribed  the  world 
over  by  Physicians.  Wash  it  with 

RESINOL  SOAP 

which  is  a  Pure  Soap,  having  an  excess  of   Fatty  Oils  in   it  instead    of  the  usual  excess  of 
Alkali,  a  condition  rendered  possible  by  the  fine  antiseptic  qualities  of  "Resinol." 

\^       v^       \^ 

This  Resinol — what  is  it? 

It  is  Anodyne,  Antiseptic,  Healing.  Soothing,  and  has  the  marvelous  effect  of  Con- 
trolling "Hypenemia"  or  excess  of  blood  circulation  and  Congestion  in  the  Skin. 

This  means  that  "Resinol,"  when  incorporated  in  Soap,  not  only  cleans  but  cools  the 
Scalp,  frees  it  from  Germ-life,  heals  any  irritation,  and  brings  a  delightful  Soothing  Sensa- 
tion of  Repose,  Cleanliness,  and  Well-being  while  generously  feeding  the  pores  with  its  Nu- 
trients. 

Try  Resinol  Soap  for  two  months  and  see  how  lustrous,  soft,  healthy,  clean  and  free 
from  scurf  your  Hair  will  become. 

Observe  that  Resinol  Soap  is  not  a  "Hair  Grower,"  but  a  Scalp  and  Skin  Nutrient  and 
Stimulator,  which  makes  Hair  grow  only  where  it  should  grow — by  assisting,  and  not  by 
forcing,  Nature. 

Its  creamy,  soothing,  healing,  antiseptic  lather,  and  its  delightful  odor,  make  it  ideal. for 
Toilet.  Bath,  Shaving  or  Baby's  bath,  as  well  as  for  Hair-washing  and  Scalp-feeding. 

Resinol  Chemical  Co.,  Baltimore,  Md. 


VOL.  LXVI          NEW  YORK,  THURSDAY,  MAY  6,  1909. 

Copyright,   1909,  by  THE  INDEPENDENT. 


No.  3153 


Survey  of  the  World 


Attorney    General 
The  Governments      wickersJham  was  the 

Trust  Policy  guest  of  th=  members 
of  the  bar  of  New  York  at  a  dinner  in 
that  city,  on  the  soth  ult.  The  speech 
made  by  him  on  that  occasion,  concern- 
ing the  policy  of  the  Department  of  Jus- 
tice with  respect  to  the  enforcement  of 
the  Anti-Trust  law  and  certain  other 
statutes,  is  regarded  as  one  of  much  sig- 
nificance and  weight.  It  is  asserted  that 
his  statement  had  been  approved  in  man- 
uscript by  President  Taft  and  the  Cabi- 
net. He  said: 

"You  all  know  that  the  attitude  of  a  very 
large  part  of  the  business  community  toward 
some  of  the  laws  enacted  by  Congress  was 
prior  to  six  or  seven  years  ago  one  of  indif- 
ference when  not  of  hostility.  There  was  a 
prevailing  impression  that  many  of  the  laws 
dealing  with  economic  subjects  had  been 
passed  to  be  pointed  to  with  pride  rather  than 
to  be  enforced. 

"Then  there  came  a  rude  awakening.  The 
last  Administration  set  to  work  with  vigor, 
with  energy,  which  was  accompanied  at  times 
with  newspaper  clamor,  to  enforce  these  laws. 
Business  men  who  eight  years  ago  had  not 
read  the  Sherman  anti-trust  law  today  know 
it  by  heart,  and  .railroad  men  and  shippers 
alike  have  an  intimate  personal  acquaintance 
with  the  interstate  commerce  act.  No  Ameri- 
can business  man  can  today  truthfully  say  that 
he  does  not  know  that  it  is  a  crime  for  a  rail- 
road to  give  or  a  shipper  to  accept  a  rebate 
from  the  established  interstate  rates. 

"The  work  of  the  present  Administration  is 
none  the  less  important  than  was  that  of  the 
last  in  continuing  to  enforce  the  laws  of  the 
country  and  in  endeavoring  to  effectuate  the 
intent  of  the  people  speaking  thru  Congress,  in 
preventing  the  things  which  the  people  have 
come  to  believe  to  be  inconsistent  with  the  wel- 
fare of  the  republic,  but  the  methods  which 
were  necessary  to  awaken  the  business  com- 
munity to  a  recognition  of  the  existence  and 
vitality  of  these  laws  are  no  longer  essential. 

"It  may  be,  it  probably  is.  true  that  in  the 
movement  to  impress  upon  the  whole  business 
world  the  meaning  and  force  of  certain  laws 


and  the  necessity  of  attention  and  obedience  to 
them,  some  suits  were  instituted  and  some 
prosecutions  commenced  without  sufficient  con- 
sideration and  without  adequate  cause.  When 
such  conditions  are  found  to  exist  the  present 
Administration  will  not  hesitate  to  withdraw 
the  suits  or  dismiss  the  prosecutions.  Such 
action  must  not,  however,  be  taken  as  any  indi- 
cation of  an  intention  by  the  Administration 
to  abandon  in  the  slightest  degree  the  vigor- 
ous, impartial  enforcement  of  ^he  law  or  to 
undo  in  any  degree  the  splendid  work  of  the 
last  Administration." 

We  had  heard  frequently  of  late,  he  con- 
tinued, from  representatives  of  certain 
business  interests  cries  of  "Let  us  have 
peace!"  and  "Let  us  alone!"  The  price 
of  peace  was  obedience  to  law.  "Thos? 
who  honestly  try  to  keep  the  law  need 
not  fear  prosecution."  He  was  aware 
that  there  was  uncertainty  as  to  the  pre- 
cise scope  and  meaning  of  the  Sherman 
Anti-Trust  law: 

"I  should  be  the  last  to  authorize  the  insti- 
tution of  a  criminal  proceeding  against  men 
who  without  intent  to  violate  the  law  have 
nevertheless  acted  in  technical  contravention 
of  an  extreme  and  most  drastic  construction 
of  that  enactment.  But  certain  of  the  princi- 
ples underlying  that  law  are  assuredly  now  un- 
derstood, and  any  attempt  made  at  this  time 
with  the  present  construction  of  that  law 
agreed  upon  by  all  the  higher  courts  to  com- 
bine in  the  form  of  a  trust  or  otherwise  with 
the  obvious  intention  of  restraining  commerce 
among  the  States  or  of  creating  a  monopoly 
of  an  important  part  of  that  commerce  would 
evidence  such  deliberate  intention  to  break  the 
law  as  to  justify  and  compel  the  Government 
to  use  all  or  any  of  the  remedies  given  by  law 
adequate  to  prevent  the  accomplishment  of 
such  purpose  and  to  punish  the  attempt." 

It  was  to  be  hoped,  he  said  m  conclu- 
sion, that  at  an  early  day  the  Supreme 
Court  would  authoritatively  define  the 
full  scope  and  effect  of  the  Sherman  act. 
If  that  court  should  give  to  it-  "a  con- 
struction as  far  reaching  as  some  of  the 
Judges  of  the  Court  of  Appeals  in  this 


938 


THE     INDEPENDENT 


Circuit  gave  in  the  tobacco  case,  Con- 
gress may  so  amend  the  act  as  to  except 
from  its  provisions  the  ordinary  agree- 
ments which  are  the  necessary  result  of 
healthy  business  conditions,  while  still 
effectively  prohibiting  the  creation  of 
those  far-reaching  monopolies  which  are 
believed  to  be  incompatible  with  the 
wholesome  growth  and  progress  of  the 
republic."  The  present  Administration 
had  the  subject  under  consideration  with 
a  view  of  submitting  to  the  next  Con- 
gress proposed  amendments  to  the  act. 
—  Joseph  H.  Choate  presided  at  the  din- 
ner, and  the  remarks  with  which  he  in- 
troduced Mr.  Wickersham  were  not  re- 
garded as  complimentary  to  the  latter's 
predecessor  or  to  Mr.  Roosevelt's  Ad- 
ministration. Said  he  : 

"Under  $Ir.  Wickersham,  justice  will  not  be 
administered  as  a  burlesque  and  a  travesty. 
You  will  see  no  corporation  fined  $29,000,003 
as  the  result  of  an  ill-advised  demand,  only  to 
be  reversed  and  to  be  regarded  as  a  travesty. 
There  will  be  no  encroachment  of  the  Execu- 
tive upon  the  judiciary,  no  criticism  of  the 
one  by  the  other  at  intervals.  He  will  demon- 
strate once  more  that  ours  is  a  Government  of 
laws  and  not  of  men.  He  will  defend  the 
Constitution.  He  has  been  a  corporation  law- 
yer, a  defender  of  institutions  which  twelve 
months  ago  were  everywhere  condemned.  It 
is  quite  time  they  had  their  innings." 

Among  those  present  were  about  fifty 
Judges  of  the  Federal  or  State  courts" 


Restitution  by  n  *  terst  Suit 
the  Sugar  Trust  b/  the  Government,  the 
American  Sugar  Re- 
fining Company  (or  Sugar  Trust)  was 
recently  found  guilty  of  defrauding  the 
Treasury  by  a  device  attached  to  the 
scales  which  determined  the  weight  of 
the  company's  imported  raw  sugar,  on 
which  duties  are  paid.  The  penalty  fixt 
by  the  verdict  in  that  suit  was  $134,116. 
The  Government  at  once  set  out  to  col- 
lect from  the  Sugar  Trust  about  $2,250,- 
ooo  more,  alleging  that  the  Treasury  had 
been  defrauded  of  this  sum,  at  least,  by 
the  false  weighing  of  cargoes  not  in- 
volved in  the  suit  which  we  have  men- 
tioned. On  the  2Qth,  the*  Sugar  Trust 
cally  admitted  the  justice  of  the 
and  settled  with  the  Gov-nrnent 

n  cash' 


It  appears  from  the  statement  of  these 
attorneys  that  there  was  a  prospect  that 
the  Government's  claim  would  be  raised 
to  $3,000,000,  and  that  proceedings  for 
forfeiture  of-  the  sugar  fraudulently 
weighed  would  have  increased  greatly 
the  sum  to  be  paid.  The  Trust  abandons 
its  protest  and  gives  up  its  right  to  ap- 
peal. This  settlement  has  been  approved 
by  the  Attorney-General  and  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  Treasury.  It  does  not,  how- 
ever, restrain  the  Government  from 
prosecuting  criminally  the  officers  of  the 
Trust,  or  the  employees,  who  were  guilty 
of  these  frauds.  They  will  be  prose- 
cuted vigorously,  it  is  asserted  by  attor- 
neys representing  the  Government,  and 
earnest  efforts  to  bring  them  to  justice 

will  be  made. The  same  company,  or 

Trust,  has  been  sued  by  the  City  of  New 
York  for  taking  water  from  the  public 
mains  by  means  of  pipes  running  into 
the  refineries  and  having  no  meters  at- 
tached. It  has  offered  to  settle  by  the 
payment  of  a  sum  which  the  city  author- 
ities will  not  accept.  They  demand 
$230,000. The  fine  of  $1,808,753  im- 
posed upon  the  Waters-Pierce  Oil  Com- 
pany in  the  suit  of  the  State  of  Texas 
against  that  company  for  violation  of 
the  Anti-Trust  law  has  been  paid.  Offi- 
cers of  the  company  carried  the  money 
in  an  automobile  from  a  bank  to  the 
State  Treasurer's  office  in  Austin. 


Tanff  Rates  m 
the  Senate 


-«s 

by  advice  of  the  Trusts  counsel. 


The  most  interesting  in- 
ddcnt  duri        kst  week^ 

taHff  debate  ifl  ^  Sen_ 

ute  was  the  introduction,  on  Friday,  of 
the  Finance  Committee's  amendments 
relating  to  maximum  rates,  a  customs 
court,  and  the  employment  of  investiga- 
tors by  the  President.  In  the  early  part 
of  the  week  Mr.  Bailey  spoke  for  sev- 
eral hours  in  support  of  an  income  tax, 
urging  that  the  weight  of  taxation 
should  fall  upon  wealth  rather  than  upon 
poverty,  and  asserting  that  a  reduction 
of  the  tariff  rates  by  one-third  would 
leave  enough  to  insure  a  legitimate 
profit  to  protected  industries.  He  sug- 
gested that  labor  mi^ht  be  protected  by 
restricting  immigration.  Mr.  Overman 
offered  an  amendment  increasing  the 
h^ad  tax  on  immigrants  to  $12.  On  the 
28th,  during  a  discussion  of  the  duties 


SURVEY    OF    THE    WORLD 


on  lumber,  the  declaration  of  last  year's 
Democratic  platform   (for  free  lumber, 
wood  pulp  and  print  paper)   was  repu- 
diated by  several  Southern   Democrats. 
Mr.   Bacon,   of   Georgia,   said  the  plat- 
form had  been  drafted  over  night  by  a 
few  men  and  did  not  represent  the  senti- 
ment  of   the   party.      Mr.    Fletcher,    of 
Florida,  argued  for  the  retention  of  the 
present  duty  on  lumber.     This  was  also 
the  position  of  Mr.  Simmons,  of  North 
Carolina.     It  is  said  that  about  one-half 
of  the  Democrats  will  vote  for  a  lumber 
duty  as   high  as  the  one  now  imposed. 
Mr.  Nelson,  of  Minnesota,  who  severely 
criticised  the   Senate  bill  and  preferred 
that  lumber  should  be  on  the  free  list, 
was  willing  to  compromise  on  a  duty  of 
$r   per  thousand   feet. The   commit- 
tee's plan   for  maximum  rates  provides 
for  much  higher  duties  than  were  indi- 
cated   in   the    bill    past    by    the    House, 
which  for  convenience  may  be  called  the 
Payne  bill,  while  the  Senate  committee's 
revision  is  commonly  called  the  Aldrich 
bill.    The  Payne  maximum  was  an  addi- 
tion of  20  per  cent.,  or  one-fifth,  of  the 
ordinary    or    minimum    duty.      But    the 
Aldrich  bill  would  add  to  the  ordinary 
duty    25    per    cent,    ad    valorem.      This 
would   multiply    some   of    the   ordinary 
rates  by  two,  or  even  by  three,  for  a  15 
per  cent,  rate  would  be  increased,  not  to 
1 8  per  cent,  (as  in  the  House  bill),  but 
to  40  per  cent.    Inspection  of  the  Senate 
committee's  table  of  average  rates  under 
the  Aldrich  bill  shows  that  duties  would 
be  increased  as  follows :  Chemicals,  from 
28.21  per  cent,  to  53.21 ;  glassware,  from 
48.70   to   73.70;   metals,    from   31.08  to 
56.08;  sugar,  65.30  to  90.30;  agricultural 
products  and  provisions,  32.25  to  57.25 ' 
cotton  goods,  47.14  to  72.14;  silk  goods, 
60.76  to  85.76.     Of  course,  the  rates  so 
increased  would  in  most  cases  be  pro- 
hibitory.   The  reported  amendment  pro- 
vides that  these  maximum  rates  shall  go 
into  effect  upon  imports  from  all  coun- 
tries automatically  on  March  3ist,  1910, 
but  the  President  is  empowered  to  give, 
by  proclamation,  then  or  thereafter,  the 
ordinary  rates  to  any  foreign  country  if 
he  is  satisfied  that  the  country  in  ques- 
tion imposes  no  export  duty  on  goods 
sent  to  the  United  States,  and  does  not 
discriminate,      directly      or      indirectly, 
against  imports  from  the  United  States. 


There  is  no  provision  for  any  concession, 
on  our  part,  of  a  rate  lower  than  the 
ordinary  Aldrich  duty.  It  is  also  pro- 
vided that  in  the  application  of  maxi- 
mum rates  a  duty  of  10  cents  a  pound 
on  tea,  and  one  of  5  cents  on  coffee,  may 
be  imposed.  Ihe  committee  also  pro- 
poses the  establishment  of  a  Customs 
Court  of  Appeals,  composed  of  five 
judges  (salary,  $10,000),  which  is  to 
have  exclusive  appellate  jurisdiction  to 
review  decisions  of  the  Board  of  General 
Appraisers,  and  whose  decisions  are  to 
be  final.  For  this  court  there  is  to  be 
appointed  an  Assistant  Attorney-Gen- 
eral, with  a  deputy  and  four  attorneys. 
The  committee  was  asked  to  provide  for 
a  permanent  advisory  tariff  commission. 
Its  amendment  merely  authorizes  the 
President  to  secure  information  for  his 
use  and  for  Congress  by  employing  such 
persons  as  may  be  required  to  make 
thoro  investigation  concerning  domestic 

and  foreign  products. Foreseeing  the 

enactment  of  maximum  and  minimum 
rates,  the  State  Department  has  given  to 
the  several  foreign  countries  with  which 
we  have  commercial  agreements  notice 
of  our  intention  to  terminate  them. — 
Advocates  of  an  income  tax  have  ascer- 
tained, it  is  said,  that  a  majority  for 
such  a  tax  cannot  be  obtained  in  the  Sen- 
ate. It  is  understood  that  Mr.  Aldrich 
needs  a  few  votes  for  the  committee's 
bill.  Some  predict  that  they  will  be  pro- 
cured by  certain  concessions  in  rates. 
The  number  of  Republican  insurgents 
who  demand  revision  downward  is  said 
to  be  about  eighteen. 
& 

At  the  convention  of 
Labor  Questions  anthracite  coal  miners, 

on  the  28th  nit.,  the 
agreement  made  by  their  representatives 
in  conference  with  the  mine  owners  was 
approved  by  unanimous  vote,  and  on  th<j 
29th  it  was  signed.  The  term  of  it  is 
three  years.  It  is  identical  with  the 
agreement  which  expired  on  March  3ist, 
except  that  the  following  provisions  have 
been  added : 

(i.)  The  rates  which  shall  be  paid  for  new 
work  shall  not  be  less  than  the  rates  paid  un- 
der the  Strike  Commission  award  for  old  work 
of  a  similar  kind  or  character. 

(2.)  The  arrangement  and  decisions  of  the 
conciliation  board  permitting  the  collection  of 
dues  on  the  company  property  and  the  posting 


THE     INDEPENDENT 


of  notices  thereon  shall  continue  during  the 
life  of  this  agreement. 

(.3.)  An  employee  discharged  for  being  a 
member  of  a  union  shall  have  a  right  to  appeal 
his  case  to  the  conciliation  board  for  final  ad- 
justment. 

(4.)  Any  dispute  arising  at  a  colliery  under 
the  terms  of  this  agreement  must  first  be  taken 
up  with  the  mine  foreman  and  superintendent 
by  the  employee,  or  committee  of  employees,  di- 
rectly interested,  before  it  can  be  taken  up  with 
the  conciliation  board  for  final  adjustment. 

(5.)  Employers  shall  issue  pay  statements 
designating  the  name  of  the  company,  the  name 
of  the  employee,  the  colliery  where  employed, 
the  amount  of  wages,  and  the  class  of  work 
performed. 

An  impression  prevailed  among  the  min- 
ers that  no  further  concessions  could  be 
obtained,  and  that  renewal  of  the  old 
agreement  would  probably  prevent  a  re- 
duction of  wages.  It  is  expected  that 
there  will  be  less  work  at  the  mines  for 
some  weeks  to  come,  because  the  compa- 
nies have  about  ro,ooo,ooo  tons  of  coal 

on  hand. -The  strike  of  employees  in 

the  carrying  trade  on  the  Great  Lakes  is 
now  in  force,  and  it  involves  about  30,000 
men.  The  controversy  began  with  the 
refusal  of  the  marine  engineers  to  sign 
contracts  in  which  there  was  an  open-shop 

clause. In    Pittsburg,   the   threatened 

strike  of  the  street  railroad  employees  has 
been  averted.  The  demand  for  higher 
pay  was  withdrawn,  and  the  company 
will  make  a  more  satisfactory  arrange- 
ment of  work  hours.  —  —  Carpenters, 
bricklayers  and  painters  in  Montana  are 
on  strike  for  an  increase  of  wages. 

j* 

An    election    is    soon    to 
LCS 'n  ,     take  place  in  Newfound- 
Newfoundland     land/and    the.  canvass 

has  been  a  lively  one.  Sir  Robert  Bond, 
formerly  Premier,  has  been  making  ad- 
dresses in  villages  along  the  coast.  It 
was  recently  reported  that  he  had  been 
quietly  negotiating  with  the  Dominion 
Government  to  bring  about  confedera- 
tion of  the  island  with  the  Dominion. 
This  report  excited  the  sharp  hostility 
of  many  voters.  When  Sir  Robert,  on 
the  3Oth  ult.,  approached  Western  Bay 
in  a  small  steamship,  intending  to  make 
an  address  at  that  place,  he  was  met  by 
a  party  of  residents,  who  came  out  in  a 
boat  and  warned  him  not  to  land.  He 
insisted,  however,  upon  going  ashore. 
He  was  permitted  to  ascend  the  steps 
leading  up  to  the  floor  of  the  pier,  but 
when  he  reached  the  top  he  was  seized  by 


those  who  had  assembled  there,  was 
kicked  and  was  then  thrown  headlong 
into  the  sea,  where  he  nearly  drowned 
before  rescuers  lifted  him  into  a  small 
boat,  which  carried  him  back  to  the 
steamship.  The  campaign  has  been  one 
of  much  bitterness.  At  Western  Bay  a 
majority  of  the  residents  are  supporters 
of  Sir  Edward  Morris,  leader  of  the 
party  in  opposition  to  Sir  Robert  Bond. 


The  British  Budget 


Confronted  with  the 
necessity  for  meet- 
ing a  deficit  of  $80,- 

000,000,  caused  chiefly  by  the  adoption 
of  old  age  pensions  and  the  demand  for 
a  greater  navy,  the  British  Government 
has  been  obliged  to  seek  out  new  sources 
of  revenue.  The  new  budget  presented 
by  the  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer  to 
the  House  of  Commons  on  April  2Qth 
will  arouse  strong  opposition  from  the 
moneyed  classes,  because  it  is  devised  to 
throw  upon  them  the  burden  of  the  in- 
creased taxation.  The  budget  speech  by 
Mr.  Lloyd-George  occupied  four  and 
one-half  hours.  The  sitting  had  to  be 
suspended  for  half  an  hour  in  the  midst 
of  it  for  the  Chancellor  to  recover  his 
voice.  Mr.  Lloyd-George  congratulated 
the  country  on  the  decrease  of  revenue 
from  one  of  the  sources,  that  is,  the  con- 
sumption of  liquor  due  to  the  growth  of 
temperance  sentiment.  On  the  naval 
question  he  admitted  the  necessity  of 
greatly  increased  expenditures  for  de- 
fense, but  stated  the  Government  refused 
to  incur  the  enormous  expenditure  advo- 
cated by  the  Opposition  unless  there  was 
manifest  need  for  it.  "We  cannot  afford, 
great  nation  as  we  are,  to  build  navies 
against  nightmares."  There  must  also 
be  an  extension  of  the  old  age  pension 
system  and  a  measure  for  state  insurance 
against  unemployment.  The  treasury 
would  be  called  upon  to  contribute  a  mil- 
lion dollars  to  supplement  the  compulsorv 
contributions  of  the  working  classes  for 
this  purpose.  Legislation  must  be  enact- 
ed for  the  encouragement  of  small  agri- 
cultural holdings  and  the  reclamation  of 
waste  land.  A  system  of  afforestation 
would  be  started  by  an  appropriation  of 
$1,000,000.  To  provide  for  the  in- 
creased expenditure,  the  amount  appro- 
priated for  the  sinking  fund  would  be  re- 
duced by  $15,000,000.  The  income  tax 
would  be  unchanged  on  earned  incomes 


SURVEY   OF   THE   WORLD 


941 


below  $15,000.  Fourteen  pence  to  the 
pound  would  be  imposed  upon  incomes 
above  that.  Persons  whose  incomes  are 
less  than  $2,500  a  year  would  have  an 
abatement  of  $50  for  each  child  undei 
sixteen  years  of  age.  The  super-tax  of 
six  pence  in  the  pound,  making  a  total  of 
one  shilling,  would  be  placed  on  all  in- 
comes over  $25,000.  Death  duties  would 
also  be  increased.  Estates  of  £5,000  value 
would  pay  4  per  cent.  ;  those  of  £20,000, 
6  per  cent.  ;  £40,000,  7  per  cent.  ;  £70,000, 
8  per  cent.  ;  £100,000,  9  per  cent.  ;  £150,- 
ooo,  10  per  cent.  ;  £200,000,  u  per  cent.  ; 
£400,000,  12  per  cent.;  £600,000,  13  per 
cent.  ;  £800,000,  14  per  cent.  ;  and  above 
£1,000,000,  15  per  cent.  The  extra  yield 
was  expected  to  be  $63,850,000.  Auto- 
mobiles will  be  taxed  for  the  maintenance 
of  highways.  A  six  horse-power  motor 
car  will  pay  two  guineas  and  one  of  sixty 
horse-power  or  over  forty  guineas,  with 
others  in  proportion.  A  tax  of  four  cents 
a  gallon  is  placed  on  gasoline,  with  a  re- 
bate for  commercial  motors.  Doctors' 
cars  would  pay  only  half  rates.  The 
stamp  duties  on  the  transfer  of  real  estate 
would  be  increased  from  one-half  to  i 
per  cent.  Stock  exchange  transactions 
and  bonds  would  pay  I  per  cent.  Leg- 
acy and  succession  duties  were  to  be 
raised  from  3  to  5  per  cent,  when  the 
beneficiary  is  a  brother  or  sister,  and^  to 
10  per  cent,  where  there  is  no  relation- 
ship. The  cost  of  liquor  licenses  would 
be  increased  to  $50  in  small  villages  and 
to  $175  in  London.  A  tax  of  three  pence 
on  the  pound  would  be  imposed  upon  all 
receipts  from  the  sale  of  liquor.  The 
tax  on  spirits  would  be  increased,  while 
that  on  beer  would  remain  unchanged. 
Eight  pence  on  a  pound  is  added  to  the 
tax  of  manufactured  tobacco.  Tea  and 
sugar,  being  accounted  by  Mr.  Lloyd- 
George  necessities  of  life,  will  bear  no 
additional  burden.  The  unearned  incom- 
ings due  to  the  increase  of  land  values 
will  be  taxed  20  per  cent.  Labor  ex- 
changes would  be  established  in  England 
at  a  cost  of  $500,000  to  the  Government. 


Abdul  Hamid 
Deposed 


The    Y°UnS    Turkst  have 

aga.m  .  met  .  a     PerPlexmg 
crisis   with   promptness 

and  decision.  On  April  27th,  Abdul 
Hamid  was  dethroned  and  his  younger 
brother,  Mohammed  Rechad,  made  Sul- 
tan. The  deposition  was  duly  effected 


according  to  the  forms  of  Moslem  law  by 
a  fetwa  or  legal  decision  by  the  Sheik-til  - 
Islam  in  response  to  the  following  hypo- 
thetical question : 

"What  becomes  of  an  Imam  who  has  de- 
stroyed certain  holy  writings  and  who  has 
seized  property  in  contravention  of  the  Sheri. 
who  has  committed  cruelties  and  ordered  the 
assassination  or  imprisonment  of  exiles  with- 
out justification  by  the  Sheri,  who  has  squan- 
dered the  public  money ;  who,  having  sworn  to 
govern  according  to  the  Sheriat,  has  violated 
his  oath;  who  by  gifts  of  money  has  provoked 
internecine  bloodshed  and  civil  war,  and  who 
is  no  longer  recognized  in  the  provinces?" 

"Answer  of  the  Sheik-ul-Islam:  'He  must 
abdicate  or  be  deposed.'" 

The  notification  was  conveyed  to  Abdul 
Hamid  at  3  p.  m.  by  a  committee  of  two 
officials,  two  deputies  and  two  senators. 


.    ENVER  BEY, 
Leader    of    the   Young    Turks. 

As  they  entered  the  Yildiz  Kiosk  they 
looked  to  their  arms,  fearing  an  outburst 
of  murderous  rage  from  the  Sultan.  He 
was  brought  out  from  the  Harem  care- 
lessly dressed,  pale  and  trembling.  As 
soon  as  he  was  informed  of  the  fetwa  he 
begged  for  his  life,  and  when  assured 
that  his  life  was  not  in  danger  he  pro- 
tested that  he  had  deserved  better  treat- 
ment from  the  nation,  that  he  had  de- 
fended his  country  against  the  Greeks, 
that  he  had  kept  his  oath  to  support  the 
constitution,  that  he  had  refused  to  sign 
many  death  sentences,  and  even  spared 
the  life  of  his  brother  Mohammed  and 
treated  him  well.  "Any  other  Sultan," 
he  said,  "would  have  had  him  killed.'' 
Finding  the  committee  reticent  and  in- 


The  Navy  from  the  Business  Standpoint 

BY  REAR  ADMIRAL  CASPAR  F.  GOODRICH 


[The  following  article  is  the  substance  cf 
before  the  Business  Men's  Association  of  II a 
most  progressive  and  able  officers  of  the  Na*.  y 
EDITOR.] 

THE  naval  appropriations  have  risen 
from  comparatively  insignificant 
beginnings  until  they  have  reached 
the  not  inconsiderable  sum  of  130  odd 
millions  of^  dollars  per  annum.  The 
only  real  and  justifiable  object  of  this 
large  expenditure  is  the  efficiency  of  the 
fleet,  something  which  must  appeal  to 
every  true  American.  It  is,  however, 
altogether  right  that  our  business  men 
should  insist  upon  knowing  whether 
those  sums  are  wisely  and  economically 
disbursed.  In  a  general  way  I  hope  to 
satisfy  your  anxiety  under  this  impor- 
tant head. 

Speaking  broadly,  the  naval  appropria- 
tion covers  three  fields :  First,  the  actual 
maintenance  and  operation  of  the  fleet ; 
second,  the  supplies  for  the  fleet ;  third, 
the  construction  and  repair  of  the  fleet, 
including  the  installation  of  its  armor, 
armament  and  equipment.  There  is  a 
fourth  field,  to  which  I  shall  recur  later. 

As  to  the  first,  I  think  but  little  ground 
can  be  found  for  adverse  criticism.  The 
scale  of  pay  and  wages  being  higher  in 
this  country  than  abroad,  each  unit, 
whether  ship  or  man,  must  and  does 
coct  more  than  the  corresponding  unit  in 
foreign  navies.  An  exception  should  be 
made  in  the  case  of  the  higher  officers, 
who  receive  less  pay  and  fewer  allow- 
ances than  is  the  case,  for  instance,  in 
t^e  British  service.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  iunior  officers  are  much  more  liber- 
ally compensated  than  those  abroad.  An- 

944 


an    address    delivered    last    week,     Thursday, 

rtford,  Conn.     Admiral  Goodrich  is  one  of  the 

and    what    he    says    is    of    much    importance. — 

other  item  of  increased  expense  is  the 
superior  quality  of  our  navy  ration,  a 
matter  rather  for  congratulation  than 
complaint.  Ill-nourished  troops  are  not 
good  fighters.  As  Napoleon  said,  "An 
army  marches  on  its  belly."  Ships  of 
ihe  same  horse  power  burn  practically 
the  same  amount  of  coal,  no  matter  un- 
der what  flag  they  move.  Herein  we  are 
better  off  than  our  neighbors,  whose  fuel 
cannot  be  had  on  terms  as  favorable  as 
our  own. 

The  question  involved  in-  the  second 
field,  that  of  supplying  the  fleet  with  the 
thousands  of  items  needed  by  the  mod- 
ern man-of-war,  has  been  solved  in  a 
way  which  must  compel  the  admiration 
of  even  the  most  critical  man  of  affairs. 
At  New  York,  for  instance,  our  pur- 
chases amount  to  between  twenty  and 
thirty  millions  of  dollars  a  year.  In 
spite  of  a  very  rigid  inspection  and  the 
holding  of  contractors  to  strict  compli- 
ance with  specifications,  which  almost,  if 
not  quite,  represent  the  standard  of  ex- 
cellence, I  believe  that  it  may  be  claimed 
th?t  the  navy  buys  as  advantageously  as 
and  possibly  more  advantageously  than 
anv  other  concern  in  the  market.  One 
reason  for  this  good  standing  is  that 
supplies  are  inspected  with  the  utmost 
promptness :  miscellaneous  articles  which 
require  no  prolonged  test  are  either  ac- 
cepted or  refected  within  twenty-four 
hours  of  delivery,  and  the  public  bills 
covering  these  purchases,  made  out  at 


THE   NAVY   FROM   THE   BUSINESS   STANDPOINT 


once,  are  sent  to  the  disbursing  agent, 
who,  without  even  the  formality  of  a 
receipt,  mails  to  the  contractor  the  full 
face  of  his  account  in  a  check  on  the 
treasury  of  the  United  States.  It  is  not 
in  the  least  an  uncommon  occurrence  for 
a  business  house  to  receive  its  cash  in 


Certain  articles,  such  as  cement,  which 
has  to  undergo  a  rather  long  test,  metals 
whose  physical  characteristics  have  to  be 
determined,  or  tool  steel,  india  rubber, 
cloth,  etc.,  that  have  to  be  chemically 
analyzed,  are  necessarily  subject  to  slow- 
er payment,  but  the  fault,  if  fault  there 


ADMIRAL  GOODRICH. 


forty-eight  hours  after  making  delivery. 
The  result  of  this  system  is  that  firms 
are  only  too  anxious  to  quote  their  low- 
est figures.  It  is  no  small  thing  for  a 
house  to  know  that  it  can  get  its  money 
almost  by  return  mail.  Can  the  same  be 
said  for  the  houses  which  you  gentlemen 
represent  ? 


be,  lies  in  the  nature  of  the  things  them- 
selves and  not  in  our  business  methods. 
It  would  abundantly  repay  any  one  to 
look  in  at  the  New  York  Navy  Yard,  go 
thru  its  great  storehouse,  handling  the 
multitudinous  variety  of  objects,  rang- 
ing from  a  needle  to  an  anchor,  and  in- 
cluding stationery,  books,  metals  of  all 


946 


THE     INDEPENDENT 


kinds,  cordage,  chinaware,  etc. ;  in  short, 
practically  everything  except  millinery. 
I  think  one  would  be  amazed  at  their 
\ariety  and  at  the  magnitude  of  the 
operations  of  this  great  depot,  from 
which  emanate  most  of  the  goods  past  to 
our  shops.  He  would  also  be  struck  by 
the  excellent  order  and  the  evidence  of 
rigid  accountability  at  all  points. 

The  third  division  of  the  allotment  ot 
public  funds  is  one  which  has  recently 
and  justly  attracted  widespread  public 
attention.  Certain  phases  I  may  not 
touch  upon,  but  in  the  main  the  wisdom 
of  the  policy  inaugurated  by  our  last 
Secretary  of  the  Navy,  Mr.  Xewberry. 
and  continued  by  his  successor,  Mr. 
Meyer,  cannot  be  denied.  Mr.  Xew- 
berry found  a  condition  of  affairs  in  our 
navy  yards  which  was  the  result  of 
methods  in  vogue  many  years,  for  which 
some  justification  was  possible,  but  only 
when  considered  from  an  individual  and 
perhaps  selfish  point  of  view. 

To  tell  the  whole  storv  would  absorb 
too  much  time.  I  shall  only  venture  to 
sketch  in  a  very  hasty  and  imperfect 
manner  some  of  the  salient  features. 

We  must  hark  back  to  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  Navy  Department  when  seek- 
ing the  cause.  By  statute,  the  business 
of  the  navy  is  divided  among  certain 
offices,  called  bureaus,  in  such  a  manner 
as  the  Secretary  may  think  desirable. 
Certain  of  these  bureaus  were  intimately 
associated  with  work  at  navy  yards. 
First,  was  the  Bureau  vof  Yards  and 
Docks,  whose  province  may  be  described 
as  the  real  estate,  comprising  buildings,  * 
roads,  wharves,  dry  docks,  etc.,  for  the 
care,  maintenance  and  repair  of  which 
this  bureau  is  alloted  funds  by  Congress. 
It  has  its  own  corps  of  employees,  some 
peculiar  to  itself,  such  as  masons,  brick- 
layers, teamsters,  etc.  Others,  however, 
could  be  quite  generally  employed.  Such 
were  carpenters,  joiners,  painters, 
patternmakers,  machinists,  blacksmiths, 
etc.  The  next  bureau  is  that  of  Con- 
struction and  Repair,  whose  duties  relate 
to  the  building  and  repairing  of  ships. 
It  is  not  necessary  to  enlarge  to  such  an 
audience  as  this  upon  the  vast  number 
of  trades  called  upon  in  this  varied  and 
extensive  duty.  Peculiar  to  itself,  of 
course,  were  the  shipwrights,  yet  it,  too, 


had  carpenters,  joiners,  plumbers,  black- 
iiiiitns,  painters,  machinists,  etc.  The 
next  bureau  is  that  of  Ordnance,  charged 
with  the  construction  of  guns  and  car- 
riages and  the  making  of  shell  and  bat- 
tery accessories  in  its  great  gun  shop  at 
the  Washington  Navy  Yard,  inferior  to 
none  extant  either  in  size  of  plant  or  in 
quality  of  production.  This  bureau  had. 
at  every  navy  yard,  a  certain  number  of 
machinists,  blacksmiths,  patternmakers, 
carpenters,  etc.,  besides  specially  trained 
ordnancemen,  who  had  to  do  with  the 
handling  and  installing  of  things  peculiar 
to  ordnance.  The  fourth  bureau,  that 
of  Steam  Engineering,  has  for  its  do- 
main the  propelling  machinery  of  vessels. 
\\  ith  its  variety  of  shops  at  each  yard  it, 
too,  had  carpenters,  joiners,  pattern- 
makers, a  foundry  and  blacksmith  shop, 
machinists,  painters,  etc.  The  last  is  the 
Bureau  of  Equipment,  which  deals  with 
many  of  the  matters  which  go  to  the  fit- 
ting out  of  ships,  particularly  the  elec- 
tric installation,  so  that  it,  too,  had  at 
the  yard  its  own  machine  shops  and 
foundry,  its  machinists,  patternmakers, 
blacksmiths,  carpenters,  joiners,  etc. 

It  thus  appears  that  there  was  a  great 
multiplication  of  plant  and  in  many 
cases  as  many  shops  of  one  kind  as  there 
were  bureaus.  For  example,  at  New 
York,  we  had  five  carpenter  shops,  five 
joiner  shops,  five  blacksmith  shops,  five 
machine  shops,  five  paint  shops,  etc.,  re- 
quiring an  adequate  staff  at  each  to  di- 
rect its  operations.  It  was  held  by  those 
who  favored  this  plan  that,  as  each 
bureau  was  responsible  for  the  proper 
expenditure  of  its  appropriation,  it  must 
exercise  complete  control  of  the  neces- 
sary plant  and  personnel.  The  logic  of 
this  induction  is  open  to  question.  Such 
a  scheme  does  not  exist,  so  far  as  I  am 
aware,  in  any  private  industrial  estab- 
lishment. I  am  not  alone  in  believing 
that,  if  such  were  the  case,  the  corpora- 
tion, when  sought  for,  would  be  found 
in  the  hands  of  a  receiver,  and  that  it  is 
due  to  the  taxpayers  of  this  country  that 
the  Government  work  should  be  con- 
ducted with  the  utmost  economy. 

In  one  respect,  this  last  remark  is  sub- 
ject to  qualification.  The  navy  yards  are 
simply  the  instrumentality  by  which  the 
fleet  is  kept  in  good  order.  For  this 


THE   NAVY   FROM   THE    BUSINESS   STANDPOINT 


947 


reason  their  plants  must  be  extensive 
enough  to  meet  the  demands  of  a  sudden 
emergency,  which  is  but  another  way  of 
saying  that  frequently  many  tools  lie  idle 
waiting  for  a  call,  and  that  for  pure  mili- 
tary reasons  navy  yards  cannot  compete 
with  concerns  which  depend  for  financial 
success  upon  running  as  much  as  is  hu- 
manly possible  at  full  blast. 

The  condition  I  have  briefly  sketched 
was  extremely  repugnant  to  Mr.  New- 
berry,  who,  as  a  manufacturer  of  large 
experience,  could  not  approve  a  mani- 
festly and  unpardonably  wasteful  sys- 
tem. To  put  things  on  a  better  basis,  he 
exercised  his  wide  powers  with  a  moral 
courage  which  should  command  uni- 
versal admiration,  and  directed  that 
shops  of  the  same  nature  should  be  con- 
solidated, and  the  whole  mechanical  work 
at  the  yards  concentrated  in  a  manufac- 
turing department  under  one  head,  sub- 
ject, of  course,  to  the  general  and  mili- 
tary control  of  the  commandant,  who  is, 
as  he  ought  to  be,  the  representative  on 
the  spot  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy 
and  the  several  bureau  chiefs.  This  was 
taken  in  the  face  of  the  most  powerful 
opposition.  For  example,  the  local  poli- 
ticians, however  strenuous  for  economy 
elsewhere,  could  not  but  clamor  for  large 
disbursements  in  their  own  districts. 
Furthermore,  the  move  diminished  the 
prestige  of  the  bureau  chiefs,  and,  by 
eliminating  many  sinecures  and  by  in- 
stituting keen  competition  side  by  side 
among  employees  of  the  same  trade,  with 
retention  in  slack  times  as  the  reward 
for  the  greatest  skill  and  industry,  the 
volume  of  discontent  was  notably  in- 
creased. 

The  saving  to  the  Government,  or, 
better  said,  to  the  people,  is  as  yet  solely 
a  matter  of  estimate.  The  new  plan  has 
been  in  operation  too  short  a  time  -  to 
yield  the  figures  necessary  to  a  fair  com- 
parison. The  gain  in  rapidity  of  work 
is  self-evident.  Where  several  sets  of 
men,  working  independently,  were  for- 
merly employed  on  parts  of  the  same 
general  job,  often  having  to  wait  for 
each  other  to  get  out  of  the  way,  one 
central  direction  keeps  only  those  men 
busy  for  whom  there  are  space,  time  and 
material. 

It    would,    I    am    confident,    be    quite 


within  the  bounds  of  moderation  to  hope 
that  the  new  order  will  give  the  navy  a 
new  battleship  each  year  without  calling 
for  special  appropriations. 

The  new  administration  at  Washing- 
ton is  known  to  be  determined  to  reduce 
its  budget  to  the  lowest  practical  figure 
and  to  Hold  its  officials  to  a  rigid  econ- 
omy. Its  attitude  toward  the  economics 
of  the  navy  is  shown  in  selecting,  as  Mr. 
Newberry's  successor,  a  gentle  man 
skilled  in  affairs,  who  has  demonstrated 
his  value  in  every  post  to  which  he  has 
hitherto  been  summoned.  At  present  he 
is  wisely  keeping  his  judgment  in  sus- 
pense, in  order  to  be  guided  by  facts  and 
net  by  fancies.  If  navy  yard  reorganiza- 
tion cannot  prove  its  worth  by  the  event, 
then  a  return  to  the  old  regime  will  be 
in  order.  Personally,  I  have  no  doubt 
that,  while  making  such  changes  in  de- 
tails as  time  shall  show  to  be  necessary, 
Mr.  Meyer  will  be  glad  to  adopt  the 
present  system  in  its  broad  outlines  and 
to  add  to  it  features  drawn  from  his  own 
experience.  In  this  heavy  and  impor- 
tant task  I  beg  that  he  have  the  hearty 
support  of  such  associations  as  yours, 
which  do  not  begrudge  so  essential  a 
branch  of  the  Government  as  the  navy 
the  most  liberal  appropriations,  but  which 
deprecate  the  spending  of  a  dollar  except 
for  full  value  received. 

To  fulfill  my  promise  at  the  beginning 
of  these  remarks,  I  should  invite  your 
attention  to  the  fact  that  the  navy  has  to 
bear  the  blame  for  the  spending  of  large 
sums  of  money  from  which  it  derives  no 
benefit.  The  eight  hour  day,  the  grant- 
ing of  leave  with  pay  for  fifteen  days  a 
year  to  workmen,  and  Saturday  half 
holidays  on  pay,  calculated  to  cost  hun- 
dreds of  thousands  of  dollars  annually, 
comprise  a  weighty  handicap  in  the  race 
with  outsiders.  If  we  also  refer — in 
bated  breath — to  the  navy  yards  and 
shore  stations  which  in  a  business  way 
are  wholly  unnecessary,  we  shall  per- 
ceive abundant  reason  for  saying  that 
when  the  business  men  of  this  land  in- 
sist upon  having  a  naval  establishment 
conducted  on  business  principles,  the 
navy,  the  real  navy,  will  be  relieved  of 
the  reproach  sometimes  urged,  that  it 
makes  an  extravaeant  and  indefensible 
drain  npcn  the  public  purse. 

BROOKLYN   NAVY  YAKI>. 


The  Outlook  in  Turkey 

BY  GEORGE  WASHBURN,  D.D.,  LL  D. 

[This  srticje,  written  the  day  before  the  deposition  of  the  Sultan,  gives  an  inside  view 
of  the  Turkish  situation  in  the  present  crisis.  Dr.  Washburn,  as  our  readers  will  remember, 
was  president  of  Robert  College,  Constantinople,  from  1877  to  1903  and  is  one  of  the 
world's  recognized  authorities  on  the  politics  of  Southeastern  Europe. — EDITOR.] 


THE  Turkish  mind  does  not  work  as 
ours  and  it  is  very  difficult,  even 
for   one   who   has   lived   in   Con- 
stantinople for  fifty  years  in  close  rela- 


MEHEMMED    RECHAD   EFFENDI 

(MOHAMMED   V), 
The  new  Sultan   of  Turkey. 

tions  with  the  people,  to  predict  from 
one  day  to  another  what  is  likely  to  hap- 
pen. It  is  generally  the  unexpected 
which  happens.  The  bloodless  revolution 
of  last  July  was  unique  in  the  history  of 
Turkey  or  of  the  world.  The  counter- 
revolution of  April  1 3th  was  equally 
surprising,  and  nothing  could  have  been 
more  unexpected  than  to  see  a  Turkish 
army  once  more  besieging  and  capturing 
Constantinople,  while  the  population 
turned  out  to  see  the  battles  as  Ameri- 
cans would  go  to  see  a  football  game, 
while  in  another  part  of  the  Empire  thou- 
sands of  Christians  were  being  mas- 

948 


sacred  in  the  name  of  the  prophet — and 
this  Only  a  few  months  after  the  people 
of  different  races  and  religions  all  over 
the  Empire  had  been  embracing  one  an- 
other and  rejoicing  together  over  the 
proclamation  of  an  era  of  liberty,  jus- 
tice, equality  and  fraternity. 

The  only  thing  that  we  can  do  in  view 
of  such  anomalies  is  to  try  to  under- 
stand, from  our  point  of  view,  the 


ABDUL    HAMID    II, 

The    deposed    Turkish    Sultan. 

causes  of  these  events.  We  can  see  that 
the  revolution  of  last  July  was  a  revolt 
of  patriotic  and  enlightened  Turks  who 
could  no  longer  endure  the  unmitigated 
tyranny  of  the  Sultan  and  who,  having 
won  over  the  army  in  Macedonia,  hoped 
to  save  the  Empire  from  destruction  by 
substituting  for  the  autocracy  •  of  the 


THE  OUTLOOK  IN  TURKEY 


949 


Sultan  a  liberal  constitutional  govern- 
ment. For  some  months  it  appeared  to 
the  outside  world  that  they  had  not  only 
carried  the  people  with  them,  but  that 
the  Sultan  himself  had  been  transform- 
ed and  was  in  sympathy  with  the  new 
order  of  things.  Then  like  a  thunderbolt 
out  of  the  clear  sky  came  the  counter 
revolution  of  April  I3th,  the  reaction  in 
Asia  Minor  and  the  terrible  massacres 
there  and  in  Syria.  It  seemed  that  the 
Sultan  had  regained  all  his  power  and 
that  the  Young  Turks  had  utterly  failed 
to  establish  any  real  control  over  the 
Government. 

It  is  evident  that,  in  some  measure, 
they  had  failed,  and  that  they  had  been 
overconfident  of  their  power  to  surmount 
the  obstacles  which  stood  in  their  way. 
The  chief  obstacle  was  the  Sultan,  a 
past  master  in  intrigue,  having  the  sym- 
pathy and  support  of  all  the  fanatical 
and  reactionary  forces  and  all  the  agents 
who  had  been  his  partners  in  the  plunder 
of  the  Empire,  surrounded  by  troops 
ready  to  die  for  him,  and  possest  of  an 
enormous  private  fortune,  with  which  he 
knew  how  to  buy  support.  They  could 
not  have  believed  in  his  conversion,  but 
they  failed  to  discover  his  secret  plot- 
ting against  them.  .Until  he  is  removed 


from  the  scene  they  can  never  be  secure. 
Next  to  the  Sultan  himself  the  great- 
est obstacle  in  the  way  of  the  Young 
Turks  and  one  which  they  fully  appre- 
ciated, was  the  work  which  the  Sultan 
had  done  in  destroying  the  old-establish- 
ed civil  hierarchy  of  the  Empire — the 
administration  of  the  government  by  the 
Grand  Vizier,  the  Ministers  and  the  of- 
ficials appointed  by  and  responsible  to 
them — not  a  very  perfect,  but  a  trained 
and  established  civil  service.  He  trans- 
ferred the  authority  from  the  Porte  to 
the  Palace  and  gradually  the  officials  in 
the  provinces  became  simply  the  agents 
of  the  Palace  Camarilla — the  natural  en- 
emies of  anything  like  constitutional 
government,  and  knowing  no  other  law 
than  the  orders  of  the  Palace.  When 
the  Young  Turks  came  into  power  they 
could  find  good  men  to  fill  the  highest 
offices  in  Constantinople,  but  it  was  im- 
possible for  them  to  replace  the  vast 
army  of  officials  in  the  provinces  and  the 
government  bureau  in  Constantinople  by 
trustworthy  men.  Even  when  changes 
were  made  the  new  officials,  who  were 
bound  to  abandon  the  old  arbitrary  meth- 
ods, had  little  influence.  The  people 
fancied  that  liberty  meant  the  abolition 
of  all  government.  The  Young  Turks 


THE  OLD   SULTAN   TAKING  A  CEREMONIAL   DRIVE. 


950 


THE     INDEPENDENT 


found  themselves  without  tools  to  work 
with. 

Another  obstacle  in  their  way  was  the 
foundation  of  an  opposition  party,  which 
called  itself  the  Liberal  Union  and  pro- 
fessed to  be  more  liberal  and  constitu- 
tional than  the  Committee  of  Union  and 
Progress,  the  recognized  leaders  of  the 


Turks  is  the  fact  that  many  of  the  peo- 
ple of  Turkey  of  different  races  and  re- 
ligions, each  for  reasons  of  its  own,  do 
not  desire  to  see  a  strong  centralized  gov- 
errment  at  Constantinople.  The  Arabs, 
the  Kurds,  the  Albanians,  are  Moslems, 
most  of  them,  but  they  have  thoughts  of 
independence  or  autonomy,  as  have  the 


SKRASKIERAT    IN    CONSTANTINOPLE, 
Where  meeting  took  place  which   resulted  in   the   proclamation   of   Mohammed    V   ;is   Sultan. 


Young  Turks.  This  new  party  was 
made  up  of  a  variety  of  elements,  Mos- 
lem and  Christian,  and  was  patronized 
by  Kiamil  Pasha.  It  attacked  the  Com- 
mittee of  Union  and  Progress  in  its 
newspapers  and  in  Parliament  with  a  vio- 
lence which  almost  exhausted  the  vitu- 
perative vocabulary  of  the  Turkish  lan- 
guage, and  it  played  into  the  hands  of 
the  Sultan  by  so  disturbing  public  opin- 
ion as  to  make  his  coup  de  main  pos- 
sible— a  result  which  some  of  its  mem- 
bers could  not  have  foreseen  or  desired. 
The  Greeks  were  especially  active  in 
this  party  and  the  Levant  Herald  was 
one  of  its  organs. 

A    general    difficulty    for    the    Young 


(Irccks,  AniHMiians  and  Bulgarians. 
(  hily  one-fifth  of  the  population  is 
Turkish.  The  Young  Turks  hoped  to 
conciliate  all  these  conflicting  interests  by 
a  liberal,  constitutional  form  of  govern- 
ment, where  the  rights  of  all  would  be 
equally  respected.  At  first  there  seemed 
to  be  a  general  response  to  this  promise 
in  the  more  important  parts  of  the  Em- 
pire, but  all  the  old  race  hatreds  seem 
to  have  revived  in  full  force  from  Al- 
bania to  Arabia. 

In  view  of  all  these  obstacles  to  be 
overcome  we  cannot  but  ask  what  hope 
there  is  of  the  final  success  of  the  Young 
Turks.  At  the  time  of  writing  it  is  not 
certain  what  is  to  become  of  Sultan 


THE  OUTLOOK  IN  TURKEY 


Abdul  Hamid.  As  long  as  he  lives  he 
will  be  a  source  of  trouble,  but  it  may 
be  reduced  to  a  minimum  if  he  is  shut  up 
in  the  palace  where  he  held  his  deposed 
brother  a  prisoner  for  twenty-five  years. 
The  new  Sultan  can  never  inherit  his 
power.  This  obstacle  out  of  the  way, 
I  think  that  the  outlook  for  a  constitution- 
al government  in  Turkey  is  still  hopeful, 
altho  we  may  wait  long  before  we  see 
it  firmly  established.  We  cannot  ex- 
pect the  Turks  to  do  better  than  we  did, 
and  our  record  of  the  years  from  1783 
to  1789  is  very  humiliating,  however 
proud  we  may  be  of  the  Constitution 
which  came  out  of  it. 

The  Young  Turks  are  genuine  patriots 
with  unbounded  faith  in  their  principles. 
Many  of  them  are  men  of  high  charac- 
ter and  great  ability.  They  have  an  army 
that  can  be  depended  upon.  Their 
march  on  Constantinople  and  overthrow 
of  the  counter-revolution  in  eleven  days 
after  its  apparent  triumph  was  a  mili- 
tary achievement  as  brilliant  as  anything 
in  Turkish  history,  and  the  discipline  of 
the  army  was  marked  in  the  perfect 
security  of  life  and  property  in  Con- 
stantinople. They  have  also  succeeded 
in  organizing  a  Parliament  which  seems 
capable  of  accomplishing  its  purposes.  I 
see  the  Constantinople  papers  and  have 
read  the  daily  reports  of  the  sessions 
from  the  beginning.  The  Chamber  of 
Peputies  represents  all  parts  of  the  Em- 


pire and  all  races,  but  the  majority  is 
Turkish  and  a  still  greater  majority  is 
Moslem.  Among  these  are  a  large  num- 
ber of  the  Ulema,  the  religious  function- 
aries. As  in  all  parliaments,  there  has 
been  too  much  oratory  and  some  stormy 
debates,  but  on  the  whole  it  has  shown 
a  remarkable  knowledge  of  the  real 
needs  of  the  Empire  and  the  nature  of 
free  representative  government  as  seen 
thru  Turkish  eyes.  There  have  been 
frequent  appeals  to  English  and  French 
precedents  and  certainly  an  honest  ef- 
fort to  put  an  end  to  the  autocracy  and 
make  the  Parliament  the  real  governing 
power.  It  compares  very  favorably  with 
the  parliaments  of  the  neighboring  states. 
It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  party  calling 
itself  Liberal  Union  will  profit  by  its  ex- 
perience arid  become  nothing  worse  than 
a  loyal,  parliamentary  opposition  party, 
and  when  once  the  Sultan  is  out  of  the 
way  it  will  be  possible  for  the  Young 
Turks  to  gradually  organize  an  honest 
and  capable  civil  service  thruout  the 
Empire  and  thus  secure  the  protection  of 
life  and  property.  It  will  take  long  to 
restore  the  prosperity  of  the  country,  but 
as  it  comes  it  will  do  much  to  put  an 
end  to  the  more  violent  manifestations 
of  race  hatreds.  So  that,  notwithstanding 
all  that  has  happened  and  all  the  ob- 
stacles which  still  remain  to  be  over- 
come, I  am  still  hopeful  for  the  future 
and  still  believe  in  the  Young  Turks. 

BOSTON,   MASS. 


E= 


UNIVERSITY 


CALIFORNIA 


by  EDWIN  £.  SLOSSON 


WHEN  Dean  Berkeley,  disgusted 
at  an  age  and  clime  barren  of 
every  glorious  theme,  set  out  for 
the  new  world  to  found  the  university 
which  should  inaugurate  the  Golden 
Age,  he  had  fixed  upon  Bermuda  as  its 
site,  apparently  because  its  sunshine, 
beauty  and  tropical  luxuriance  attracted 
his  imagination.  Finding  his  dream,  for 
which  he  had  sacrificed  his  fortune,  was 
impracticable,  he  did  the  next  best  thing, 
which,  as  often  happens,  proved  to  be 
very  much  better.  He  helped  along  other 
colleges.  He  had  much-  to  do  with  the 
founding  of  Columbia  and  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania,  but  Yale  was  his  favor- 
ite. To  it  he  gave  his  library  and  his 
land,  and  the  roll  of  the  Berkeleyan  schol- 
arship at  Yale  bears  the  names  of  twelve 
college  presidents. 

As  the  course  of  empire  took  its  way 
westward  it  bore  with  it  Berkeley's  in- 
fluence, and,  what  is  unusual,  his  name. 


On  the  hills  overlooking  the  Golden 
Gate,  where  climate  and  scenery  are  most 
like  those  he  had  desired  for  his  Utopian 
university,  the  College  of  California  was 
founded  by  Yale  men  whose  ideals  he 
had  helped'  to  form  and  who  hoped  that 
here  his  prophecy  would  find  its  nearest 
fulfilment. 

Great  individuals  are  apt  to  be  the 
offspring  of  mixed  parentage.  So  are 
great  institutions.  The  University  of 
California  derives  its  origin  from  the 
union  of  a  new  England  classical  relig- 
ious college  and  a  Morrill  Act  school  of 
agriculture  and  mechanic  arts.  It  takes 
after  both  sides  of  the  house,  according 
to  Galton's  law.  This  combination  of 
qualities  that  are  quite  diverse  and  of- 
ten antagonistic  gives  the  institution  a 
unique  attractiveness.  I  know  of  no 
other  university  which  cultivates  both 
mechanics  and  metaphysics  with  such 
equal  success,  or  which  looks  so  far 


GREAT  AMERICAN  UNIVERSITIES. — This  is  the  fifth  of  a  series  of  articles  on  the  present 
condition  and  future  prospects  of  the  larger  universities  of  the  United  States  by  one  of  the 
editors  of  THE  INDEPENDENT.  The  dates  of  publication  of  these  articles  are  as  follows : 


1  Harvard  University Jan.  7th,  1909  8 

2  Yale  University Feb.  4th,  1909  9 

3  Princeton    University March   4th,  1909  10 

4  Stanford  University April   ist,  1909  n 

5  University  of  California May  6th,  1909  12 

6  University  of  Michigan May  27th,  1909  13 

7  University  of  Wisconsin July  ist,  1909  14 

952 


University  of  Minnesota. . .  .Aug.  5th,  1909 

University  of  Illinois Sept.  2d,  1909 

Cornell  University .Oct.  7th,  1909 

University  of  Pennsylvania. Nov.  4th,  1909 
Johns  Hopkins  University. .  .Dec.  2d,  1909 

University  of  Chicago Jan.  6th,  1910 

Columbia  University Feb.  3d,  1910 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA. 


953 


into  space,  and,  at  the  same  time, 
comes  so  close  to  the  lives  of  the 
people;  or  which  excavates  the  tombs  of 
the  Pharaohs  and  Incas  while  it  is  invent- 
ing new  plants  for  the  agriculture  of  the 
future. 
It  must  not  be  assumed  that  this  happy 


so  violent  in  the  early  years  of  the  union 
that  the  friends  of  both  parties  urged  a 
divorce,  and  if  it  had  not  been  for  the 
legal  impediments  it  would  have  been 
accomplished.  Those  who  are  interested 
in  the  history  of  the  strife,  which  indeed 
is  not  uninstructive,  may  find  abundant 


BENJAMIN    IDE   WHEELER, 
President  of  the  University  of  California. 


marriage  of  dissimilar  colleges  was  ef-      material  in  the  reports  of  legislative  in- 
fected without  trouble.     Quarrels  were     vestigation  committees,  and  the  crossfire 


954 


THE     INDEPENDENT 


of  pamphlets,  petitions  and  speeches. 
Some  hint  of  it  may  be  derived  from 
reading  an  editorial  in  the  Atlantic 
Monthly  for  July,  1874,  which  deplores 
the 

"bold  effort  made  openly  and  persistently  by 
farmers'  granges  ....  that  blacksmithiiv; 


and   carpentry   as   well   as   plowing  should   b: 

"Fo 
averted." 


taught."       "Fortunately    the    danger    has   been 


"Many  persons  wonder  why  the  friends  of 
the  University  of  California  prefer  State  aid 
plus  State  interference,  rather  than  private 
generosity  minus  State  interference." 

The  University  of  California  chose 
the  better  part,  that  is,  both.  In  accept- 
ing State  aid  it  has  not  forfeited  private 
generosity,  and,  on  the  whole,  it  has  not 
suffered  more  from  State  interference 
than  rival  institutions  have  from  patron- 
istic  interference.  Fortunately,  the 
danger  referred  to  was  not  averted.  I 
wish  that  the  writer  of  the  Atlantic  edi- 
torial could  have  been  with  me  when  I 
went  thru  the  new  granite  palace 
constructed  by  private  generosity  at  a 
cost  of  $800,000,  the  Hearst  Memorial 
Mining  Building,  and  saw  in  it  a 
room  filled  with  models  of  timbering 
and  another  with  forges  and  anvils. 
"A  mining  engineer  would  lose  the  re- 
spect of  his  men,"  said  Professor  Christy 
to  me,  "if  he  could  not  sharpen  and  tem- 
per a  drill  as  well  as  any  of  them."  That 
reminded  me  of  another  significant  re- 
mark coming  from  the  University  of  Cal- 
ifornia. In  the  early  days  of  agricultural 
research,  which  were  not  many  years 
ago  either,  Professor  Hilgard  was  under 


THE  GREEK 

fire  in  some  convention  because  he  ad- 
vocated the  usefulness  of  soil  analysis 
which  he  was  one  of  the  first  to  employ. 
'"Why,"  exclaimed  one  of  his  critics,  "a 
farmer  can  pick  up  a  lump  of  earth'  and 
by  squeezing  it  and  smelling  of  it  tell 
more  about  what  it  will  grow  than  an 
agricultural  chemist  can  find  out  with 
his  test  tubes."  "Possibly,"  retorted 
Professor  Hilgard,  "but  is  a  man 
entitled  to  be  called  an  agricultural  chem- 
ist if  he  cannot  tell  at  least  as  much  about 
a  lump  of  earth  by  squeezing  and  smell- 
ing as  any  farmer  can?" 

In  1877,  ten  years  before  the  Hatch 
Act  had  established  experiment  stations 
in  all  the  other  States,  Professor  Hilgard 
reported  the  beginning  of  the  scientific 
development  of  the  agricultural  resources 
of  California.  If  the  millions  that  the 
Government  has  paid  out  for  such  in- 
vestigations had  all  been  as  wisely  spent 
as  his  first  appropriation  of  $250,  the 
United  States  would  have  been  many 
times  richer  than  it  is.  All  of  the  im- 
portant lines  of  work  that  have  been  de- 
veloped since  are  represented  in  this  re- 
port of  nearly  a  generation  ago,  lectures, 
institutes,  correspondence,  experimental 
farms,  seed  introduction  and  analysis  of 
water,  fertilizers,  alkali  and  soils,  the 
last  including  a  feature  whose  value  the 
world  was  slow  to  recognize,  the  physi- 
cal analysis  according  to  the  size  of  the 
soil  particles.  Last  year  the  agricultural 
department  published  70,000,000  pages  of 
literature  for  the  instruction  of  the 
farmers  of  the  State  and  wrote  15,000 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA. 


955 


THEATER. 

personal  letters  in  answer  to  their  inquir- 
ies. 

Looking  back  on  the  fight  of  forty 
years  ago  we  can  see  that  both  parties 
were  right  in  their  fundamental  con'en- 
tions,  and  we  can  rejoice  that  both  have 
succeeded  in  realizing  their  aims,  with  a 
completeness  that  they  could  not  antici- 
pate, in  the  present  University  of  Cali- 
fornia. The  classical  party  had  reason  to 
charge  the  grangers  with  being  preju- 
diced against  literary  studies  and  narrow 
in  their  ideas  of  education.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  grangers  were  right  in  insist- 
ing that  the  State  ought  to  provide  a 
different  kind  of  training  from  either  the 
old-fashioned  college  or  sort  of  agricul- 
tural college  which  had  been  conceded 
to  them.  They  refused  to  be  satisfied 
with  an  agricultural  education  which 
took  agriculturists  and  turned  them  into 
teachers  and  lawyers  and  clerks,  which 
lowered  the  standing  of  the  occupation 
it  was  intended  to  elevate  by  continu- 
ally drawing  the  brightest  boys  from  the 
farms  and  preparing  them  for  the  city. 

An  indignant  member  of  the  Board  of 
Regents  in  a  hearing  before  an  investiga- 
ting committee  of  the  Legislature  at  that 
time  demanded  of  his  agricultural  op- 
ponents "Do  you  wish  us  to  teach  your 
sons  to  plow  and  harrow,  to  peg  shoes  or 
set  up  steam  engines?" 

This  has  been  answered,  as  rhetorical 
questions  are  apt  to  be,  in  a  way  unan- 
ticipated by  the  querist.  I*  do  not  find 
any  Professor  of  Shoe-pegging  in  the 
faculty  list,  tho  possibly  that  subject  is 


taught  in  the  affiliated  Wilmerding 
School  of  Industrial  Arts,  but  the  stu- 
dents not  only  set  up  steam-engines,  but 
design  and  make  them,  and  a  75o-acre 
farm  has  recently  been  purchased  at 
Davis  in  order  to  give  them  a  chance  to 
plow  and  harrow. 

So  much  for  the  junior  partner  of  the 
firm,  the  Morrill  Act  college  of  agricul- 
ture and  mechanic  arts.  How  about  the 
senior  partner,  the  College  of  California, 
whose  prestige  and  property  were  gener- 
ously, tho  with  many  misgivings,  turned 
over  to  the  State  in  1869.  Fearful,  and 
not  without  reasons,  lest  the  College  they 
had  labored  so  hard  to  create  should  be 
swamped  in  a  polytechnic  institution  of 
low  grade  the  authorities  of  the  College 
had  it  stipulated  in  the  charter  that  their 
classical  course  should  be  taken  over  and 
maintained  unbroken  as  the  "College  of 
Letters"  of  the  new  State  university. 
Theymeglected,  however,  to  provide  any 
legal  assurance  that  the  supply  of  stu- 
dents for  that  course  should  be  kept  up. 
If  the  University  should  cease  to  give 
courses  in  Latin  and  Greek  leading  to  the 
degree  of  A.B.  it  would  be  in  danger  of 
forfeiting  its  site  on  the  Berkeleyan  hills, 
now  immensely  valuable,  but  what  would 
happen  if  there  should  be  no  candidates 
for  the  A.B.  degree  not  even  a  lawyer 
can  tell.  Of  such  a  catastrophe  there  is 
no  danger  altho  the  number  of  classical 
students  is  falling  off  both  relatively  and 
absolutely.  The  College  of  Letters  in 
1900-1  had  13.55  Per  cent-  °f  the  under- 
graduate body ;  in  1907-8  it  had  5.05  per 


956 


THE     INDEPENDENT 


cent.  The  explanation  commonly  given  me, 
that  "the  boys  are  being  crowded  out  by 
the  girls,"  will  not  apply  here,  if  it  does 
anywhere,  for  the  classical  departments 
are  losing  girls  faster  than  they  are  los- 
ing boys.  In  the  five  years  1903-4  et  seq. 
the  number  of  classical  young  men  fell 
off  42  per  cent,  and  the  number  of  young 
women  44  per  cent.  And  since  in  Har- 
vard, Yale  and  Princeton  a  similar  fall- 
ing off  among  the  Greeks  is  observable 
in  spite  of  vigorous  efforts  to  check  it, 
I  think  it  would  be  just  as  well  if  the 
classicists  should  lay  aside  the  argu- 
ment of  feminine  encroachment  to  be 
used  only  in  emergencies,  and  direct  their 
attention  to  the  more  real  causes  of  the 
decline,  with  a  view  to  finding  out  how 
they  can  extend  the  influence  of  the 
thought  and  spirit  of  ancient  Greece  to 
a  generation  which  has  an  unconquerable 
aversion  toward  its  language. 

The  course  of  empire  cannot  be  check- 
ed or  diverted  by  faculty  action.  In  the 
latest  presidential  report  I  see  that  Pro- 
fessor Ferguson  had  10  students  in  the 
History  of  Athenian  Democracy,  while 
Professor  Moses  had  44  in  Latin-Ameri- 
can History.  Professor  Allen's  class  in 
the  Iliad  numbered  31 ;  Professor  Fryer's 
in  the  Chinese  Language  numbered  54. 
Ten  students  were  beginning  Thucydides 
under  Dr.  Linforth  and  fifteen  were  be- 
ginning Japanese  under  Mr.  Kuno.  The 
class  in  Sanskrit  was  small,  four  stu- 
dents, only  one  more  than  in  Herodotus, 
but  a  boom  in  Sanskrit  may  be  expected 
when  Pacific  transportation  improves. 

The  University  of  California  has  thus 
inherited  only  the  good  traits  of  both 
parents,  and  eliminated  their  bad  ones. 
It  has  escaped  from  the  bonds  of  the  tra- 
ditional curriculum  which  some  would 
have  imposed  upon  it  and  has  found 
outside  a  larger  humanism  than  they 
dreamed  of.  It  has  become  something 
far  different  from  the  congeries  of  trade 
schools,  which  others  wanted,  and  has 
developed  new  forms  of  vocational 
training,  both  more  practical  and  more 
theoretical  than  they  thought  possible. 
The  majority  of  the  undergraduates  are 
now  in  neither  the  classical  nor  vocational 
groups,  but  in  the  social  science  courses 
leading  to  the  degree  of  B.  L.,  and  in  the 
natural  science  courses  leading  to  B.  S. 
Both  these  colleges  remain  rather  stable 


in  proportional  size,  the  former  compris- 
ing about  42  per  cent,  of  the  undergrad- 
uate body  and  the  latter  about  8.5  per 
cent.  This  large  middle  class  keeps  the 
institution  from  separating  into  two 
camps  as  at  Yale.  Then  at  the  head  of 
this  whole  university  of  sixteen  colleges 
there  is  a  philologist  who  has  outgrown 
philology,  who  has  done  his  share  of 
root  digging,  but  has  not  been  made 
near-sighted  by  it,  who  is  "Greek  mind- 
ed" in  the  true  sense  of  the  word,  not 
merely  because  he  knows  more  than  the 
ancient  Greeks  did  about  their  language, 
but  because  he  is  a  man  of  the  world  and 
a  politician  (also  in  the  true  sense  of 
the  word).  The  fact  that  he  was  two 
years  ago  asked  to  become  president  of 
the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technol- 
ogy, which  has  nothing  Greek  about  it 
except  its  name,  is  not  only  a  compli- 
ment to  him,  but  an  indication  of  a  bet- 
ter feeling  than  used  to  prevail  between 
the  rival  educational  movements. 

At  the  University  of  California  I 
found  several  things  that  seemed  to  me 
signs  of  a  coming  together  of  the  right 
and  left  wings  of  the  faculty.  In  me- 
chanical, mining,  civil  and  chemical  en- 
gineering courses  of  four  as  well  as  five 
years  are  given,  requiring,  respectively, 
144  and  1 60  units  of  work,  the  extension 
of  time  being  made  to  permit  the  inclu- 
sion of  more  cultural  studies.  It  shows 
how  little  importance  is  nowadays  at- 
tached to  degrees,  that  the  same  degree. 
B.  S.,  is  given  for  five  as  for  four  years' 
work.  Professor  Gayley  repeats  his  in- 
spiring course  on  the  great  books  of  the 
world  for  the  benefit  of  the  engineering 
students.  The  Greek  department  does 
not  disdain  to  let  some  light  shine  upon 
the  barbarians.  Dr.  Linforth  gives  a 
popular  course  on  Greek  literature  in 
translation,  as  Professor  Murray  does  at 
Stanford. 

It  seemed  to  me  that  there  was  in  the 
University  of  California  more  unity  than 
was  to  be  expected  in  so  large,  complex 
and  diversified  an  institution,  that  there 
was  in  the  faculty  an  unusual  degree  of 
harmony,  or  at  least  of  mutual  compre- 
hension and  respect  for  each  other's 
ideals.  I  may  be  altogether  wrong  in 
this,  for  such  chance  impressions  are 
unreliable,  but  I  hope  I  am  not,  and  I 
have  sufficient  confidence  in  its  correct- 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA. 


957 


ness  to  suggest  two  possible  causes  of  it, 
two  factors  which  have  always  been 
rather  prominent  in  California,  but  con- 
spicuously lacking  in  most  State  uni- 
versities. I  refer  to  the  artistic  and  to 
the  philosophical  tendencies  of  the  insti- 
tution. The  former  chiefly  find  ex- 
pression now  in  the  musical  and  dra- 
matic activities  connected  with  the 
Greek  theater,  and  in  the  architectural 
scheme  of  the  campus.  As  an  indica- 
tion of  the  literary  impulse  it  is  suffi- 


stead  of  securing  him  an  appointment, 
and  if  they  had  been  handed  in  as  Sopho- 
more themes  they  would  have  come  back 
marked  "D  minus"  on  account  of  their 
numerous  barbarisms,  solecisms  and  im- 
proprieties. 

For  the  philosophical  impulse  the  uni- 
versity owes  much  to  Prof.  Joseph  Le 
Conte,  one  of  the  original  faculty,  occu- 
pying the  settee  of  "Geology,  Natural 
History  and  Botany."  His  devotion  to 
his  specialty,  geology,  did  not  prevent 


SENIOR  SEAT,  NORTH  HALL. 


cient  to  say  that  in  1870  Bret  Harte 
was  elected  "Professor  of  Recent  Liter- 
ature and  Curator  of  the  Library  and 
Museum"  at  the  highest  salary  paid,  on 
the  strength  of  having  written  "The 
Luck  of  Roaring  Camp"  and  "The 
Heathen  Chinee."  He  did  not  accept, 
preferring  New  York  and  London.  One 
wonders  what  effect  it  would  have  had 
on  his  work  if  he  had.  I  mention  it 
merely  because  the  production  of  these 
two  little  masterpieces  would  have  de- 
barred him  from  most  universities  in- 


him  from  considering  the  human  and 
popular  aspects  of  the  science.  He 
frankly  championed  the  cause  of  Dar- 
winism when  that  was  perilous  to  a  pro- 
fessor, but  instead  of  meeting  intoler- 
ance with  contempt  he  provided  in  his 
"Evolution  and  Religious  Thought"  a 
modus  vivendi  very  much  needed  in  this 
great  crisis  of  the  nineteenth  century. 

There  are  two  organizations  of  in- 
structors and  advanced  students  in  the 
university  devoted  to  the  discussion  of 
philosophical  questions,  and  this  year 


958 


THE     INDEPENDENT 


they  have  practically  exchanged  sub- 
jects. The  Philosophical  Union,  com- 
posed chiefly  of  professional  philoso- 
phers and  humanists,  is  taking  up  the 
sciences,  and  in  successive  meetings 
calling  before  it  representatives  of 
each  science  to  explain  its  fundamental 
concepts.  The  Kosmos  Club,  largely 
men  of  science,  is  devoting  the  year  to 
the  study  of  pragmatism,  which,  if  not  a 
philosophy,  is  nearer  to  being  one  than 
any  that  scientists  have  hitherto  been 
willing  to  accept. 

President  Jordan    says   "the  pressure 


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of  higher  education  to  the  square  inch 
is  greater  in  California  than  in  any 
other  State."  Perhaps  the  unit  is 
wrongly  chosen,  for  California  is  a 
large  State,  but  otherwise  the  state- 
ment is  probably  correct.  The  same, 
might  be  said  of  literary  activity.  I  un- 
derstand that  the  offer  of  a  prize  by  a 
New  York  magazine  for  the  best  story 
brings  more  manuscripts  from  California 
than  from  any  other  State,  even  Indiana. 

If  California  is  to  live  up  to  its  scen- 
ery and  its  climate  it  must  develop  its 
own  characteristic  art  form,  adapted  to  a 
new  environment.  We  should  expect  it 
to  be  something  grandiose  and  spectacu- 
lar, a  larger  and  more  comprehensive 
combination  of  all  the  fine  arts.  It  seem? 
to  me  that  California  is  most  likely  to 
produce  a  school  of  open-air  dramatists. 
The  sunlight  has  recently  come  into  our 
paintings,  but  it  is  still  shut  out  of  the 
theater.  This  art  would,  I  imagine,  be 
a  development  of  the  pageant  in  which 
the  poet  and  the  musician  and  the  col- 
orist  would  have  a  better  opportunity  for 
the  display  of  their  powers  than  ever  be- 
fore, but  the  choragus  would  be  greater 
than  them  all.  It  would  be  suited  to  the 
Western  spirit,  for  it  would  be  a  more 
democratic  form  of  art  than  any  we 
have  now  in  a  double  sense,  for  it  could 
be  seen,  heard  and  comprehended  by 
more  persons,  and  in  the  performance 
masses  of  people  would  play  the  parts 
formerly  assigned  to  individuals,  to  gods 
first,  heroes  next  and  stars  now. 

The  development  of  the  "High  Jinks," 
of  one  of  the  San  Francisco  clubs,  into  an 
open-air  opera,  with  the  mountains  and 
sky  for  backdrop,  giant  redwoods  and 
granite  rocks  for  properties,  and  all  out- 
doors for  spectacular  effects,  is  an  indi- 
cation of  the  direction  of  the  Californian 
artistic  impulse.  At  the  University  there 
are  many  manifestations  of  the  same 
tendency.  The  annual  pa  jama  parade 
is  sloughing  off  its  vulgarity  and  be- 
coming more  elaborate  year  by  year, 
without  losing  its  carnival  spirit.  In 
the  student  plays  at  the  Greek  theater 
the  chief  feature  has  come  to  be  the 
"mob,"  and  this  is  drilled  with  the  great- 
est care  and  costumed  without  regard  to 
expense.  The  enthusiasm  and  effective- 
ness shown  by  the  students  who  form 
this  mob  or  chorus  suggest  that  it  has 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA. 


959 


been  a  mistake  to  leave  to  mercenary 
"supes"  so  important  a  part.  When  the 
first  Sanskrit  play  seen  in  America  was 
produced  here  the  students  at  their  own 
initiative  brought  up  an  elephant  from 
San  Francisco,  to  walk  twice  across  the 
stage  of  the  Greek  theater  in  the  pro- 


10 

5, 

UJ 

CO 
X 


/ess 


13  o 


/\ 


I90t 


TOTAL.  LETTERS    AND  SCIENCE. 

~ MED.  DENT.  ANDPHARM. ENGINEERING. 

LAW.  GRADUATE. 

4&R.  AND    COMV  SUMMER    SESSION. 

THE  NUMBER  OF  STUDENTS  IN  THE  UW- 
VERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  FOR  THE  LAST 
TWENTY  YEARS. 

cession.  This  year  Professor  Van  Dyke's 
poetical  drama,  ''The  House  of  Rim- 
mon,"  was  staged  with  like  elaborate- 
ness, under  the  direction  of  a  professor 
who  had  studied  Assyriology  in  Berlin 
and  taken  his  advanced  work  in  Semitics 
in  an  Arabian  tent.  It  might  have  been 
expected  that  the  Princeton  boys  would 
have  been  the  first  to  bring  out  "The 
House  of  Rimmon,"  but  the  Triangle 
Club  prefers  comic  operas  like  "The 


DISTRIBUTION    OF    STUDENTS    AT    THE   UNI- 
VERSITY   OF    CALIFORNIA,    1907-08. 

Duchess  of  Bluffshire"  as  better  fitted  to 
their  tastes  and  talents. 

In  all  the  universities  I  visited  there 
is  a  strong  dramatic  movement,  but  in 
no  other  does  it  take  so  wide  a  range  in 
time  and  space  as  at  the  University  of 
California.  Here  is  the  record  of  the 
student  activities  in  the  last  year  or  two : 
"The  Little  Clay  Cart,"  a  Sanskrit 
drama ;  Aeschylus's  "Eumenides" ; 
"Samson,"  a  spectacular  Biblical  play; 
"Abraham  and  Isaac,"  a  fourteenth  cen- 
tury mystery;  "Thersites,"  a  sixteenth 
century  drama;  ''The  Merry  Wives  of 
Windsor";  Ben  Jonson's  "Hue  and  Cry 
after  Cupid";  Pinero's  "Trelawney  of 
the  Wells";  the  Junior  farce  and  the 
Senior  extravaganza ;  not  to  specify  the 
plays  given  by  the  German,  French  and 
Spanish  clubs. 

The  women  students  take  an  active 
part  in  university  dramatics,  both  as 
authors  and  actors.  The  Junior  farce 
and  part  of  the  Senior  extravaganza 
mentioned  above  were  contributed  by 
women  in  open  competition.  The  co- 
educational universities  have  in  this  field 
a  great  advantage  over  institutions  like 
Princeton,  Pennsylvania  and  Yale.  The 
Yale  Dramatic  Association,  for  exam- 
ple, is  ambitious  and  conscientious,  but 
cannot  hope  to  achieve  artistic  success 
so  long  as  it  is  hampered  by  the  conven- 
tions of  the  Elizabethan  and  Japanese 
stage.  Boys  may  do  very  well  in  such 
roles  as  Rosalind  and  Viola,  but  to  at- 


960 


THE     INDEPENDENT 


tempt  the  impersonation  of  the  modern 
women  of  Ibsen,  Pinero  and  Shaw  puts 
too  much  of  a  strain  upon  their  histrionic 
genius.  The  marvel  is  not  that  they 
do  it  well,  but  that  they  can  do  it  at 
all.  The  action  of  the  Harvard  Dra- 
matic Club  this  year  in  introducing  Rad- 
cliffe  students  into  their  plays  shows  a 
commendable  disposition  to  break  with 
traditionalism. 

The  building  of  the  Greek  theater  has 
done  much  to  promote  the  musical  and 
dramatic  interests  of  the  University  of 
California.  It  is  the  largest  of  its  kind 
in  the  world,  seating  seven  or  eight  thou- 
sand, every  one  of  whom  can  see  and 
hear  perfectly.  What  this  means  can  be 
appreciated  by  those  universities  which 
have  auditoriums  of  inadequate  size 
or  of  impossible  audition  on  account  of 
the  echo.  The  Greek  theater  is  built  of 
concrete,  at  a  cost  of  $50,000,  the  gift 
of  William  Randolph  Hearst.  It  is  lo- 
cated in  a  wooded,  semicircular  dell, 
reached  by  a  steep  and  winding  path, 
and  is  most  effective  at  night,  when  the 
scena  is  lighted  by  the  reflected  glow  of 
the  electrics,  the  tall,  dark  trees  rise 
around  like  pillars  supporting  a  lofty 
dark  blue  dome.  But  sometimes  the 
roof  leaks. 

Once  a  year  interclass  games  are  held 
in  the  classical  style.  Each  of  the  four 
men  who  represent  a  class  contest  in  all 
events,  running,  jumping  and  throwing, 
and  the  prize  is  a  laurel  wreath.  This 
is  good  so  far  as  it  goes,  but  it  is  too 
purely  imitative.  What  we  need  in  art 
and  athletics  is  a  renaissance,,  not  a  re- 
vival. I  suggested  last  month  that  the 
love  of  the  beautiful  and  the  love  of  the 
strong  .which  in  this  age  of  specialization 
are  rarely  cultivated  together,  might  be 
united,  especially  in  California,  in  some 
new  form  of  out-door  sport  which  should 
be  both  spectacular  and  competitive.  I 
was  convinced  of  the  need  of  such  a  rev- 
olution when  I  went  into  the  Harmon 
gymnasium  and  saw  several  hundred 
young  men,  standing  as  closely  as  pos- 
sible m  a  hot,  steamy,  sweaty,  carbona'ted 
atmosphere,  simultaneously  going  thru 
a  long  series  of  muscular  exercises,  right 
biceps  contracted  so  many  times,  left 
ditto,  right  sartorius  flexed,  etc.,  etc., 
monotonous,  mechanical,  stupefying 
drudgery,  when  just  out  of  doors  were 


hills  and  plains  bathed  in  California  sun- 
light and  swept  by  Pacific  winds.  No 
doubt  the  system  of  muscular  exercises 
was  ingeniously  devised  to  bring  into 
use  in  due  turn  every  one  of  the  four 
hundred,  but  I  know  that  most  of  them 
are  employed  in  a  quick  climb  up  to  the 
big  C  on  the  crest  of  the  hill.  I  tried  it. 

California,  isolated  from  the  other 
States,  can  control  its  own  athletic  pol- 
icy, and  the  two  universities  by  mutual 
agreement  have  adopted  the  Rugby  form 
of  football  in  place  of  the  American 
game.  There  is  great  diversity  of  opin- 
ion as  to  the  respective  merits  of  the 
two  games.  The  students  of  Stanford 
are  now  quite  reconciled  to  the  change. 
The  students  of  the  State  University 
would  prefer  the  old  football.  Perhaps 
the  fact  that  Stanford  has  usually  beaten 
the  State  University  may  have  something 
to  do  with  the  feeling.  The  Stanford 
boys  have  beaten  the  British  at  their  own 
game,  holding  the  championship  of  the 
Pacific  Coast  by  defeating  the  Vancou- 
ver fifteen,  and  they  are  now  ambitious 
to  compete  with  England  and  Australia. 
The  Rugby  is  a  more  open  and  spectacu- 
lar game,  using  a  wider  field  and  giving 
more  chance  for  individual  initiative,  but 
it  has  little  advantage  in  respect  to 
roughness.  Injuries  are  just  about  as 
frequent  as  in  the  old  game,  but  are  less 
apt  to  be  serious. 

Military  drill  is  required  of  all  male 
students  in  the  Freshman  and  Sopho- 
more years  at  the  University  of  Califor- 
nia, as  at  all  State  universities  which  re- 
ceive the  national  grants.  About  the 
value  of  this  opinions  also  vary.  The 
anti-militarists  object  to  it,  of  course,  on 
principle,  others  think  it  takes  up  too 
much  time  and  attention  with  little  ben- 
efit to  the  student  or  advantage  as  a 
training  for  martial  service.  But,  on 
the  other  hand,  it  gives  an  out-door 
physical  exercise,  tho  not  of  the  best 
kind,  and  the  two  years'  training  in 
spruceness,  conformity  and  swift  obedi- 
ence is  good  for  the  somewhat  crude  and 
undisciplined  material  received  by  the 
State  universities.  More  important  yet, 
perhaps  it  strengthens  the  feeling  of  obli- 
gation, of  duty  owed  to  the  community, 
which  is  the  most  striking  difference  in 
the  atmosphere  of  the  State  and  endowed 
universities. 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA. 


961 


In  California  it  has  another  advantage 
in  bringing  together,  shoulder  to  shoul- 
der, students  of  many  different  nationali- 
ties. On  the  parade  ground  I  saw  a  Jap- 
anese putting  another  of  the  same  race 
thru  the  manual  of  arms,  and  I  took  a 
snapshot  of  four  Chinese  cadets  who  may 
in  the  future  ta'ke  an  important  part  in 
the  regeneration  of  their  country.  I 
was  told  a  pleasant  incident  of  a  Chinese 
student  who  had  risen  to  the  rank  of 
lieutenant,  altho  he  was  afterward  re- 
duced for  some  trivial  mistake.  One 
day  as  he  was  drilling  his  company  of 
American  cadets  he  had  a  visit  from  his 
family,  his  mother  in  full  Oriental  cos- 
tume of  embroidered  silk  and  his  two 
sisters  in  fashionable  American  attire. 
Without  any  embarrassment  or  affecta- 
tion he  gave  his  company  "place  rest" 
while  he  turned  away  to  pay  his  respects 
to  his  mother  and  greet  his  sisters,  and 
then  returned  to  his  drilling.  At  Har- 
vard a  young  instructor  told  me  that  it 
was  a  great  mistake  to  let  the  Chinese 
come  to  the  university,  that  we  were  giv- 
ing them  arms  to  use  against  us.  I.  did 
not  hear  such  sentiments  in  the  Uni- 
versity- of  California  or  in  Stanford,  tho 
no  doubt  I  might  have.  Considering  the 
intensity  of  race  prejudice  on  the  Coast, 
it  seems  to  me  rather  remarkable  that 
the  two  universities  should  show  com- 
paratively little  of  it.  Anti-Sinicism  does 
not  appear  to  be  any  stronger  in  the  Cal- 
ifornian  universities  than  anti-Semitism 
in  Princeton,  Pennsylvania  and  Colum- 
bia. It  is  an  indication  of  good  feeling 
that  a  Japanese  millionaire,  the  potato 
king  of  California,  recently  sent  in  a 
check  to  pay  for  fitting  up  a  room 
in  the  students'  infirmary.  There  were 
registered  last  year  in  the  University  of 
California  ten  students  from  China,  as 
many  from  Japan  and  fourteen  from 
India. 

I  do  not  mean  to  convey  the  impres- 
sion that  there  is  no  prejudice  against 
Asiatics  in  the  University.  Intolerance 
is  the  common  failing  of  young  people 
everywhere,  and  the  Californian  stu- 
dents are  not  free  from  this  form  of  it. 
It  has  even  given  rise  to  disorders  on  the 
campus.  The  Asiatics  are  contemptu- 
.ously  referred  to  as  "Skibbies,"  and  are 
subjected  to  various  slights  which  will 
not  give  them  a  favorable  opinion  of 


American  standards  of  democracy  and 
equality.  There  is  a  Cosmopolitan  Club 
at  Stanford,  but  none  at  the  State  uni- 
versity. 

The  treatment  they  receive  from  both 
their  instructors  and  their  fellow-stu- 
dents is,  on  the  whole,  better  than  might 
be  expected  under  the  circumstances. 
Every  effort  should  be  made  to  keep  the 
University  free  from  racial  discrimina- 
tion and  antagonism,  for  its  future  very 
largely  depends  upon  close  relations  with 
Asia.  Here  will  be  found  the  commer- 
cial, industrial  and  educational  opportu- 
nities for  usefulness  and  profit,  and  the 
University  of  California  is  in  the  best 
position  to  take  part  in  it,  to  buckle  the 
belt  of  civilized  nations  around  the  globe. 
If,  by  any  untoward  event,  it  should  lose 
its  hold  on  the  East  or  the  West,  the  duty 
would  fall  on  other  universities.  As  the 
universities  most  likely  to  become  for- 
midable competitors  of  California  in  this 
new  field  I  would  suggest  Chicago,  Har- 
vard, Cornell  and  Illinois. 

But  it  is  misleading  to  speak  of  "com- 
petition" between  universities  when  they 
are  merely  rivals  for  a  nominal  or  nu- 
merical priority.  As  well  say  that  two 
fishermen  are  competing  when  they  are 
angling  from  the  same  dock.  There  are 
just  as  good  fish  in  the  sea  as  ever  were 
caught,  and  plenty  of  them.  The  best 
instance  of  this  is  California.  No  other 
State  offers  such  opportunities  for  high- 
er education,  two  first-class  universities 
open  to  both  sexes  without  any  tuition 
fee.  It  is  no  wonder  that  the  friends 
of  the  State  University  felt  some  appre- 
hension of  the  effect  of  the  founding  of 
Stanford.  Here  was  a  limited  field,  for 
it  is  hard  to  draw  students  westward, 
even  from  Detroit  to  Ann  Arbor,  from 
Omaha  to  Lincoln,  or  from  Kansas  City 
to  Lawrence.  Here  was  a  university,  re- 
ceiving insufficient  support  from  the 
State,  forced  to  do  much  work  of  high- 
school  grade,  having  only  a  few  hundred 
students,  with  its  buildings  getting  old 
and  shabby  and  little  prospect  of  getting 
better  ones.  Query,  what  would  be  the 
effect  of  opening  within  thirty-five  miles 
of  it  another  free  university  with  new 
and  beautiful  buildings  and  an  endow- 
ment of  unprecedented  magnitude? 
Whatever  the  effect  may  have  been,  the 
University  of  California  has  now  four 


962 


THE     INDEPENDENT 


times  as  many  students,  and  of  higher 
grade;  it  is  well  supported  by  the  State, 
and  receives  generous  gifts  from  private 
sources  and  has  started  on  a  more  ambi- 
tious building  program  than  any  other 
university  in  the  country.  It  would  be 
absurd  to  say  that  this  is  altogether  due 
to  Stanford.  The  university  would  in  any 
case  have  grown  and  prospered,  as  all 
the  other  State  universities  have  done. 
But  it  is  safe  to  say  that  its  normal 
growth  and  prosperity  have  been  very 
materially  accelerated  by  the  presence  of 
its  so-called  rival,  and  that  in  no  respect 
has  it  been  injured  or  impeded. 

The  University  of  California  has  had 
a  hard  struggle  to  provide  room  and  in- 
structors for  the  students  who  have 
crowded  to  it  in  such  rapidly  increasing 
numbers.  The  end  of  the  struggle  is  not 
yet  in  sight.  An  additional  building  af- 
fords no  more  relief  than  another  sub- 
way in  New  York.  The  new  architec- 
tural scheme  is  designed  to  accommodate 
five  thousand  students,  but  there  are 
likely  to  be  ten  thousand  before  it  is 
completed.  The  old  buildings  cannot  be 
torn  down,  as  the  new  ones  are  put  up, 
for  they  are  as  indispensable  as  before. 
The  chemistry  building,  for  example, 
proliferates  in  vain;  the  added  cells  are 
at  once  filled  to  overflowing.  The  old 
carved  black-walnut  desks  are  still  in  use 
and  new  desks  are  put  around  the  open 
court  between  the  buildings,  not  a  bad 
arrangement  in  a  mild  climate,  and  in  a 
study  where  draftiness  is  good  for  the 
health.  The  instructors  are  as  over- 
worked as  laboratories  are  overcrowded. 
One  man,  with  a  part-time  assistant,  has 
charge  of  sixty  students  in  quantitative 
analysis. 

Like  Stanford  and  the  State  universi- 
ties in  general,  the  University  of  Califor- 
nia places  little  dependence  upon  en- 
trance examinations,  but  admits  by  cer- 
tificates from  accredited  schools.  Only 
about  eight  students  a  year  are  admitted 
wholly  by  examination.  At  the  end  of 
the  half  year  students  who  have  failed 
to  make  satisfactory  grades  in  half  their 
work  are  "flunked  out."  There  are  now 
147  secondary  schools  on  the  accredited 
list,  and  they  are  judged  as  factories  are 
judged,  by  the  character  of  their  prod- 
uct. The  average  grade  of  the  first 
term's  work  of  entering  students  for  a 


series  of  years  serves  as  a  basis  of  com- 
parison for  the  different  preparatory 
schools.  Tested  in  this  way  the  private 
schools,  which  supply  about  n  per  cent, 
of  the  total  number  of  students,  make  a 
very  poor  showing  compared  with  the 
public  schools.  For  the  last  seven  years 
the  percentage  of  students  from  the  pub- 
lic high  schools  doing  work  of  first  and 
second  grades — there  are  five  grades — 
was  51.52,  while  the  corresponding  per- 
centage for  the  private  schools  was 
37.83.  Of  the  students  from  the  public 
schools,  13.84  per  cent,  failed  in  their 
first  term's  work.  Of  the  students  from 
the  private  schools,  25.07  per  cent,  fail- 
ed. The  records  of  examination  and 
class  work  in  Harvard,  Yale,  Princeton 
and  Pennsylvania  show  that  the  same  is 
true  in  the  East,  where  the  private 
schools  have  been  long  established  and 
held  in  high  esteem.  Since  there  are 
so  many  conspicuous  examples  of  gov- 
ernmental inefficiency  and  wastefulness 
it  is  worth  while  calling  attention  to  the 
fact  that  in  the  field  of  secondary  edu- 
cation public  management  has  proved  to 
be  more  efficient  and  economical  than 
private  enterprise.  It  is  sometimes 
argued  in  behalf  of  the  private  schools 
that  they  receive  an  inferior  grade  of 
material  and  therefore  are  not  able  to 
turn  out  so  good  a  product  in  spite  of 
greater  expenditure  per  individual  an:l 
more  personal  attention.  I  do  not  know 
how  much  weight  to  give  this  plea,  but 
whatever  the  cause  it  is  evident  that  a 
university  which  would  get  the  highest 
quality  of  students  must  keep  a  close 
connection  with  the  public  high  schools. 
Michigan  was  the  first  to  conceive  the 
idea  that  the  public  school  system  of  a 
State  should  be  a  unit,  with  no  decided 
break  in  the  educational  ladder  from  the 
primary  grade  to  the  graduate  school  of 
the  university,  but  California  adopted 
and  extended  the  plan.  Each  accredited 
secondary  school,  public  and  private,  was 
visited  every  year  by  university  profes- 
sors representing  different  departments. 
This  practice  was  an  important  factor  in 
the  development  of  the  excellent  high 
school  system  of  the  State,  and  the  reflex 
influence  on  the  university  was  not  less 
beneficial.  As  the  number  of  high 
schools  increased  at  the  rate  of  more 
than  five  a  year  for  the  last  twenty-five 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA. 


963 


years,  the  visitations  became  a  heavy  ex- 
pense to  the  university  and  a  burden  to 
the  faculty,  so  President  Wheeler  has 
abandoned  the  system.  This  may  be 
necessary,  but  it  is  unfortunate.  The 
university  needs  it,  if  the  high  schools 
do  not.  A  single  examiner,  however  ef- 
ficient and  well  qualified,  cannot  do  so 
much  good  as  the  various  professors,  for 
the  inspection  and  accrediting,  which 
were  the  ostensible  occasion  of  the  visits, 
were  less  valuable  than  the  mutual  un- 
derstanding and  spirit  of  co-operation 
resulting  from  the  acquaintance  between 
men  working  in  the  same  department  in 
the  secondary  school  and  the  university. 
No  averaging  of  grades  can  take  the 
place  of  this  personal  knowledge  of  each 
other's  difficulties  and  ideals.  Just  as  the 
chief  purpose  of  the  -examination  system 
in  the  university  is  not  to  find  out  how 
much  the  students  have  learned,  but  to 
make  them  learn  more,  so  the  chief  pur- 
pose of  the  inspection  system  is  not  to 
find  out  whether  the  secondary  school  is 
worthy  of  the  privilege  of  sending  stu- 


dents to  the  university,  but  to  make  the 
university  more  worthy  to  receive  them. 

But  the  statistical  study  of  grades 
made  by  the  Examiner  of  Schools*  for 
the  purpose  of  keeping  a  check  on  the 
work  of  the  preparatory  schools  brings 
many  other  interesting  points.  One  is  that 
there  has  been  no  falling  of?  in  the  av- 
erage grade  of  scholarship  in  the  enter- 
ing students  for  the  last  seven  years.  In 
several  other  universities  I  heard  the 
complaint:  "The  high  schools  are  send- 
ing us  poorer  material  every  year  of 
late."  It  seems  that  in  California  at  least 
this  is  not  the  case. 

The  examiner  finds  that  the  average 
grade  of  the  first  year  students  in  the 
College  of  Letters  (classical  course)  is 
higher  than  in  the  College  of  Social  Sci- 
ence (main  liberal  arts  department),  and 
that  in  the  Technical  Colleges  it  is  lower 
than  in  either  of  the  others.  The  exam- 
iner assumes  that  this  indicates  that 
poorer  work  is  done  in  the  technical  col- 

*Biennial  Report  of  the  President,   November,   1908, 
pp.    118-141. 


CHINESE  CADETS   IN  THE  UNIVERSITY   OF  CALIFORNIA. 


964 


THE     INDEPENDENT 


leges  than  in  the  others,  and  he  suggests 
the  following  reasons :  That  the  work  of 
these  colleges  may  be  intrinsically  much 
more  difficult  than  in  the  Colleges  of 
Letters  and  Social  Science;  that  the  pu- 
pils from  the  high  schools  are  too  imma- 
ture or  are  not  properly  prepared ;  that 
the  recent  popularity  of  technical  careers 
has  drawn  many  lacking  the  natural  abil- 
ity for  such  work;  lastly,  that  the  large 
percentage  of  women,  who,  as  a  rule, 
make  better  marks  than  men,  may  have 


That  women  students  do  as  a  rule  get 
superior  grades  is  undeniable,  but  I  am 
inclined  to  believe  that  this  is  due  more 
to  their  faithfulness  to  daily  duties  than 
to  any  superiority  in  natural  ability. 
This,  however,  may  be  due  to  masculine 
prejudice  on  my  part.  They  are  certain- 
ly less  apt  to  indulge  excessively  in  out- 
side activities,  or,  if  they  do,  they  do  net 
allow  them  to  interfere  with  their  class 
work.  Another  point  often  overlooked 
is  that  college  women  as  a  rule  enjoy 


cKaSsfcr * 


FRESHMEN  CADETS   DRILLING  BEFORE   CALIFORNIA   HALL. 


raised  the  average  for  the  other  colleges 
"to  an  abnormal  hight." 

University  catalogs  and  annual  re- 
ports make  very  entertaining  reading  on 
account  of  the  delightful  naivete  of  some 
of  their  expressions,  such,  for  example, 
as  the  word  ''abnormal"  in  the  above  sen- 
tence. I  have  often  heard  male  students 
express  the  opinion  that  the  scholarship 
and  industry  manifested  by  their  femi- 
nine competitors  were  abnormal,  but  I 
did  not  expect  to  find  this  view  of  it  of- 
ficially endorsed. 


better  health  than  college  men.  This  is 
brought  out  by  the  infirmary  statistics  in 
this  same  California  report.  During  the 
year  40  per  cent,  of  the  men  and  35  per 
cent,  of  the  women  were  excused  from 
classes  on  account  of  illness  during  the 
year  1907-08.  The  male  students  lost  on 
the  average  4.8  days  apiece  from  illness 
and  the  female  students  2.0  days  apiece. 
A  marked  line  of  distinction  is  being 
drawn  at  the  University  of  California  be- 
tween the  first  and  last  halves  of  the  col- 
lege course.  All  work  in  the  Lower 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA. 


965 


Division  must  be  completed  before  the 
student  passes  into  the  Upper  Division, 
and  the  Junior  Certificate,  which  is 
granted  at  that  point,  is  required  for  ad- 
mission to  the  four  years'  medical 
course.  Eventually  much  of  this  Lower 
Division  work  will  probably  be  done  in 
the  high  schools  or  small  colleges.  The 
graduate  school  has  been  strengthened 
by  the  new  State  law  which  requires  all 
high  school  teachers  to  have  taken  a  year 
or  more  of  graduate  work  in  a  university 
belonging  to  the  Association  of  Ameri- 
can Universities,  or  at  least  a  half  year 
of  such  work  in  addition  to  a  half  year 
of  advanced  study  in  a  normal  school. 
Stanford  and  the  State  University  are 
the  only  institutions  on  the  Coast  belong- 
ing to  the  Association,  and  the  nearest 
eligible  institution  outside  the  State  is 
the  University  of  Minnesota,  1,500  miles 
to  the  East.  This  law  brings  to  both 
universities  a  desirable  class  of  students, 
earnest  and  practical,  altho  not  necessari- 
ly candidates  for  higher  degrees. 

Altho  the  California  universities  are 
ambitious  to  develop  their  graduate 
schools,  yet  it  is  common  for  the  pro- 
fessors to  advise  their  students  to  go  to 
the  Atlantic  universities  for  their  ad- 
vanced work,  in  order  to  get  a  broader 
education.  The  Harvard  and  Yale  alum- 
ni associations  of  California  provide 
scholarships  of  two  or  three  hundred 
dollars  for  graduates  of  Stanford  or  the 
State  University  who  wish  to  study  in 
these  institutions.  These  are  very  gen- 
erously printed  in  the  University  cata- 
log. The  universities  of  the  East  might 
well  reciprocate  and  send  some  of  their 
students  to  the  universities  of  the  Pacific 
Coast,  both  for  broadening  their  views 
and  for  special  lines  of  work,  such  as 
Oriental  and  Spanish-American  history 
and  biological  and  anthropological  re- 
search, in  which  they  offer  unique  oppor- 
tunities. One  of  the  reforms  most  need- 
ed in  our  collegiate  system  is  greater 
freedom  of  migration,  and  the  University 
of  California  has  already  shown  a  dispo- 
sition to  go  more  than  half-way  in  fa- 
cilitating this.  At  present  the  percentage 
of  undergraduate  intrants  born  in  the 
State  is  about  58  and  slowly  increasing, 
with  the  rise  in  the  proportion  of  the  na- 
tive born  population  and  in  the  local 
prestige  of  the  University. 


Altho  it  takes  only  a  few  minutes  more 
to  go  to  Palo  Alto  than  to  Berkeley  from 
San  Francisco,  yet  the  State  University 
draws  its  students  much  more  largely 
from  the  metropolis,  and  altho  Palo  Alto 
is  less  than  thirty-five  miles  south  of 
Berkeley  as  the  aeroplane  flies,  the  young 
people  from  the  southern  part  of  Cali- 
fornia show  a  preference  for  Stanford. 
This  in  itself  makes  a  certain  difference 
in  the  character  of  the  student  body.  It 
may  be  necessary  to  remind  the  Eastern 
reader  that  the  people  of  northern  and 
southern  California  regard  themselves  as 
distinct  in  their  physical,  psychical,  so- 
cial and  religious  characteristics  as  do 
the  people  of  Connecticut  and  South 
Carolina  or  of  England  and  Italy;  and 
with  as  good  right,  too,  for  they  are  as 
many  miles  apart.  The  existence  and  im- 
portance of  this  difference  are  frequent- 
ly impressed  upon  the  stranger,  but  it 
would  be  rash  in  him  to  attempt  to  char- 
acterize it,  lest  in  trying  to  be  fair  to 
each  he  should  offend  both.  Stanford 
has  a  much  larger  number  of  students 
from  the  eastern  part  of  the  United 
States  than  the  State  University. 

The  University  of  California  is  to  be 
classed  with  the  metropolitan  universities 
like  Chicago,  Columbia,  Pennsylvania 
and  Harvard,  and  thus  takes  on  a  differ- 
ent character  from  Yale,  Princeton  and 
Stanford.  A  sail  across  the  bay  and  a 
trolley  ride  up  the  hill,  running  up  to 
about  forty  minutes,  brings  the  student 
from  San  Francisco  to  the  campus.  At 
present  about  7  per  cent,  of  the  under- 
graduates doing  work  at  Berkeley  come 
over  daily  from  the  city,  but  this  element 
tends  to  increase.  Of  the  rest  of  the  stu- 
dents about  80  per  cent,  live  in  Berkeley 
and  10  per  cent,  in  the  contiguous  suburb 
of  Oakland.  The  University,  like  most 
of  the  State  universities,  maintains  no 
dormitories;  consequently  the  fraternity 
system  has  developed  to  supply  the  need 
of  student  homes.  There  are  21  Greek 
letter  fraternities  and  9  sororities,  beside 
14  house  clubs  for  men  and  6  for  wo- 
men. The  house  clubs  differ  from  the 
fraternities  chiefly  in  being  non-secret 
and  less  permanent.  In  many  cases  they 
develop  into  fraternities  by  applying  to 
one  of  the  national  organizations  for  a 
charter  when  they  get  a  congenial  lot  of 
fellows  together. 


966 


THE     INDEPENDENT 


Being  practically  in  a  city,  the  Uni- 
versity of  California  is  in  some  degree 
relieved  of  the  responsibility  for  the  be- 
havior of  students,  which,  as  we  saw  last 
month,  has  been  the  cause  of  consider- 
able .difficulty  at  Stanford,  where  there 
is  not  even  a  village  organization.  Be- 
side this,  an  efficient  and  smoothly  run- 
ning system  of  student  control  has  been 
developed  within  the  last  few  years  at 
Berkeley,  and  has  accomplished  some 
much  needed  reforms.  The  faculty 
Committee  of  Student  Affairs  boasts  of 
its  idleness.  It  meets  once  or  twice  a 
year,  apparently  more  for  the  purpose  of 
maintaining  its  statutory  existence  than 
for  any  more  serious  object. 

The  center  and  symbol  of  this  under- 
graduate self-government  is  Senior  Hall. 
This  is  to  be  found  hidden  away  in 
Strawberry  Canyon,  which  is  the  bed  of 
a  traditional  creek  running  all  the  way 
down  thru  the  campus  in  order  to  pro- 
vide opportunity  for  several  picturesque 
bridges.  Passing  over  one  of  these  and 
under  a  Shinto  torii,  and  dodging  the 
limbs  of  the  live  oaks  that  look  dead  in 
the  daylight,  but  jostle  you  most  rudely 
in  the  dark,  you  see  a  cabin  made  of  red- 
wood logs,  and  if  it  is  Thursday  even- 
ing you  will  hear  the  Senior  Sing.  Here 
are  discussed  and  settled,  not  merely  the 
problems  of  the  universe  at  large,  but 
also,  what  is  more  important,  of  the  Uni- 
versity in  particular. 

The  inner  circle  is  the  Society  of  the 
Golden  Bear,  composed  of  twelve  men 
elected  at  the  end  of  their  Junior  year, 
who  add  to  their  number,  when  they  be- 
come Seniors,  three  or  more  of  their  own 
class.  There  are  also  several  honorary 
faculty  members,  including  the  presi- 
dent, elected  for  life.  The  aim  is  to  in- 
clude in  the  Golden  Bear  representatives 
of  various  departments,  and  the  leaders 
in  all  branches  of  student  activity,  ath- 
letics, journalism,  debating,  dramatics, 
even  scholarship.  This  society  is 
secret,  keeps  no  record  of  its  conclu- 
sions, and  takes  no  official  action  in 
university  affairs,  but  is  able  from  the 
character  of  its  membership  to  initiate 
movements  and  to  mold  public  opinion 
without  the  extent  of  its  influence  being 
fully  realized  by  the  students  generally. 
It  is  not,  however,  under  an  ostentatious 
taboo,  like  the  Yale  Senior  societies. 


The  official  body  having  charge  of  un- 
dergraduate discipline  is  the  Student 
Control  Committee,  composed  of  Seniors 
and,  by  something  more  than  a  coinci- 
dence, chiefly  of  members  of  the  Golden 
Bear.  This  committee  is  appointed  by 
the  President  of  the  Associated  Stu- 
dents, of  which  body  all  students,  men 
and  women,  paying  the  annual  dues  of 
one  dollar,  are  members.  The  women 
have  a  similar  organization  devoted  to 
their  own  affairs.  A  movement  to  dis- 
franchise them  from  the  general  asso- 
ciation on  the  ground  that  they  had  a 
separate  organization  was  defeated  by  a 
heavy  vote.  The  offices,  in  the  Associ- 
ated Students,  are  in  practice  confined 
to  men. 

It  would  be  easy,  of  course,  to  bring 
theoretical  objections  against  the  system 
of  self-government  in  California.      One 
might  doubt  the  wisdom  of  putting  one 
class  in  control  of  the  other  three  and 
of    granting    extensive    and    indefinable 
powers  over  their  fellow  students  to  a 
secret  and    irresponsible    society.      One 
might  question  what  would  happen  if  the 
faculty,  president  and  trustees  found  it 
necessary  to  take  some  action  in  decided 
opposition     to     undergraduate    opinion, 
such,  for  example,  as  the  abolition  of  in- 
tercollegiate    athletic     contests.         One 
might  venture  to  predict  that  there  will 
come  in  California,  as  there  has  in  other 
universities,  a   time    when    public    spirit 
and  the  sense  of  responsibility  will  de- 
cline,, and  the  Student  Control  Commit- 
tee come  to  be  composed  of  men  of  no 
character  or  of  bad  character  instead  of 
the  capable  and  representative  students 
who  have  hitherto  composed  it.     But  this 
is  only  another  way  of  saying  that  Cali- 
fornia has  not  discovered  any  automatic 
safety    device   that    will    insure    student 
self-government  against  the  evils  that  be- 
set self-government  outside  universities. 
The  only  superiority  I  can  see  in  the  Cal- 
ifornian  system  over  those  in  some  other 
universities  is  that  it  works.     This,  how- 
ever,  is  an  advantage  of  sufficient  im- 
portance to  outweigh  any  theoretical  ob- 
jections.   The  students  in  authority  seem 
to  have  followed  a  policy  of  conservative 
reform  rather  than  of  radical  idealism. 
They  have  not  adopted  the  honor  system 
of  examinations,  but  have  materially  cur- 
tailed the  amount   of   cheating.     Estab- 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA. 


967 


Hfc 


SENIOR    HALL. 


lished  customs  of  disorder,  such  as  haz- 
ing, rough-housing  and  rushing,  have 
been  abolished  or  reduced  to  compara- 
tively innocuous  forms.  In  place  of 
hazing,  a  certain  mild  pennalism  is  im- 
posed on  Freshmen,  such  ast  serving  re- 
freshments, moving  the  grand  stand,  etc. 
The  class  rush,  formerly  rather  a  brutal 
affair.,  has  been  done  away  with,  and  as 
Ihe  sign  of  its  abolition  and  the  seal  of 
the  perpetual  treaty  of  peace  between  the 
warring  classes  a  gigantic  "C"  has  been 
laid  in  concrete  on  the  highest  hill  of  the 
campus,  visible  across  the  bay  and  for 
miles  down  the  valley.  The  University 
of  Utah  boys  have  put  a  "U"  that  is  still 
bigger  on  a  mountain  near  Salt  Lake, 
but  it  does  not  mean  any  more.  Every 
year  the  Sophomores  with  great  cere- 
mony turn  over  the  guardianship  of  the 
C  to  the  Freshmen,  who  keep  vigil  over 
it  around  a  camp  fire  all  night  and 
pledge  themselves  to  protect  it  against  all 
comers,  especially  against  Stanford  stu- 
dents armed  with  an  ax  and  a  can  of  car- 
dinal paint. 

A  Californian    custom    that    could  be 


adopted  by  many  other  universities,  mtich 
to  the  improvement  of  their  looks,  is 
Labor  Day,  when  all  the  students  turn 
out  to  beautify  the  campus.  It  is  like  a 
scene  from  a  Utopian  romance,  the 
wageless  workers,  ready  to  do  anything 
useful,  each  according  to  his  ability,  all 
duly  co-ordinated  and  directed  by  vol- 
unteer experts ;  the  civil  engineers  super- 
intending the  grading  of  roads  and  cut- 
ting of  new  paths;  the  arboriculturists 
the  planting  and  trimming  of  trees  and 
shrubbery;  a  season  of  general  cleaning 
up,  clearing  out  and  putting  to  rights ;  a 
working  day  of  socialistic  brevity,  for 
shortly  after  noon  the  boys  are  called 
from  their  labors  to  a  bean  feast  pre- 
pared by  the  girls  in  the  gymnasium,  and 
the  afternoon  and  evening  are  spent  in 
sports  and  merrymaking.  The  value  of 
the  work  done  last  Labor  Day  is  esti- 
mated at  $2,800,  but  the  greater  gain  to 
the  university  in  the  development  of  an 
interest  in  the  looks  of  the  campus  can- 
not be  calculated  in  dollars.  The  only 
fault  to  be  found  with  Labor  Day  as  an 
institution  is  that  it  has  been  placed  on 


THE     INDEPENDENT 


a  most  unfortunate  date,  the  most  unfor- 
tunate date,  February  2Qth. 

The  University  of  California  has  been 
rather  backward  in  the  development  of 
its  professional  schools.  There  are  five 
of  these  located  in  San  Francisco;  The 
Institute  of  Art,  the  Hasting  College  of 
the  Law,  the  College  of  Medicine,  the 
College  of  Dentistry,  and  the  California 
College  of  Pharmacy.  They  are  still  in 
the  transitional  stage,  loosely  affiliated, 
chiefly  supported  by  fees  and  not  largely 
attended.  The  plan  for  the  future  seems 
to  be  to  establish  gradually  at  Berkeley 


those  who  ought  not  to  be  deprived  of 
all  chance  of  professional  training  be- 
cause they  cannot  give  six  or  eight  or  ten 
years  to  it.  Of  this  dilemma  California 
takes  both  horns,  sticking  one  in  Berke- 
ley and  the  other  in  San  Francisco. 

The  first  two  years  of  the  medical 
course  have  now  been  transferred  to 
Berkeley,  giving  an  opportunity  to  estab- 
lish a  university  hospital  at  San  Fran  - 
cisco.  The  new  Boalt  Memorial  Hall  of 
Law  will  be  built  on  the  Berkeley  cam- 
pus. 

Another    movement     that    should    be 


THE   HEARST    MEMORIAL    MINING    BUILDlXti. 


schools  of  medicine,  law,  architecture, 
etc.,  of  a  thoroly  university  character, 
keeping  the  San  Francisco  institutions 
as  auxiliary  schools,  carrying  one  or  two 
years  of  the  course  or  giving  instruction 
adapted  to  students  living  in  the  city 
who  are  not  able  to  take  a  long  and  ad- 
vanced course.  That  is,  California  is 
confronted  like  the  other  State  universi- 
ties, with  the  dilemma  of  raising  its 
standards  to  meet  the  modern  demands 
for  a  wider  culture  and  more  thoro 
training  in  the  professions,  and  at  the 
same  time  of  providing  for  the  needs  of 


mentioned  here,  altho  it  is  independent 
of  the  university,  is  the  development  of 
centers  of  religious  thought  at  Berkeley. 
The  Roman  Catholics  have  founded 
there  Newman  Hall,  an  admirable  stu- 
dents' club  and  much  more  than  that. 
The  lecture  courses  given  in  it  on  religion 
and  philosophy  are  of  as  high  character 
as  those  of  the  university.  The  various 
Protestant  denominations  are  establish- 
ing theological  seminaries  at  Berkeley  in 
co-operation  with  each  other,  avoiding 
as  much  as  possible  the  duplication  of 
chairs  and  utilizing  the  instruction  of  the 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA. 


960 


State  University  for  the  secular 
branches,  including  Latin,  Greek  and 
Hebrew.  Similar  movements  are  on 
foot  in  other  States.  The  old  days  of 
rivalry,  antagonism  and  distrust  between 
the  denominations  and  the  State  univer- 
sities have  evidently  gone  by,  and  we  are 
entering  upon  a  new  era  of  mutual  help- 
fulness, whose  possibilities  we  can  only 
dimly  foresee. 

The  belief  is  still  prevalent  in  certain 
sections  of  the  country  that  the  State 
universities  while  they  may  do  excellent 
work  in  utilitarian  lines,  can  never  do 
anything  in  the  higher  branches  of  schol- 
arship and  scientific  research.  The  Uni- 
versity of  California  shows  how  far  this 
view  is  from  the  truth.  The  branch  of 
science  for  which  it  is  most  distinguished 
is  the  least  utilitarian  of  them  all,  as- 
tronomy. For  its  practical  purposes  as- 
tronomy requires  no  more  apparatus 
than  a  three-inch  telescope  and  a  clock. 
Even  a  36-inch  objective  like  that  of  the 
Lick  Observatory  discovers  nothing 
likely  to  be  of  the  least  practical  benefit 
to  this  planet.  James  Lick  bequeathed 
$700,000  to  provide  the  University  of 
California  with  the  biggest  telescope  in 
the  world,  located  on  Mount  Hamilton, 
about  fifty  miles  south  of  San  Francisco, 
but  this  sum  was  not  sufficient  for  an 
adequate  endowment  of  its  \vork  so  the 
State  has  to  provide  about  $20,000  a  year 
for  running  expenses  and  improvements. 
Besides  this,  the  University  keeps  up  an 
observatory  at  Berkeley  equipped  for  re- 
search as  well  as  instruction. 

The  list  of  the  publications  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  California  shows  how  far  they 
are  from  being  confined  to  utilitarian 
subjects.  Among  them  are  six  volumes 
in  American  archeology  and  ethnology, 
three  in  botany,  one  in  classical  philol- 
ogy, one  in  economics,  one  in  entoirrl- 
ogy,  two  in  education,  four  in  geology, 
one  in  pathology,  one  in  philosophy, 
three  in  physiology,  two  in  Semitic 
philology,  four  in  zoology,  three  in 
Graeco-Roman  archeology,  one  in  Egyp- 
tian archeology,  and  twelve  in  astronomy. 

Of  course,  only  a  minor  part  of  the 
work  of  the  faculty  is  published  directly 
by  the  University,  most  of  it  appearing 
in  the  usual  periodicals.  In  the  last  bi- 
ennial report  about  fifty-three  per  cent., 
of  the  faculty  are  reported  as  having 


contributed  to  the  literature  of  their  re- 
spective departments.  From  this  list  one 
would  judge  that  about  thirty-three  per 
cent,  of  the  faculty  were  engaged  in  re- 
search in  natural  science  and  ten  per 
cent,  in  philological  or  other  humanistic 
lines.  The  proportion  of  productive 
scholars,  therefore,  seems  to  be  about 
twice  as  great  as  in  the  faculties  of  Yale 
and  Stanford.  Of  course,  I  am  neces 
sarily  leaving  out  of  consideration  the 
all-important  question  of  the  relative 
quality  of  the  contributions  to  knowl- 
edge. 

It  used  to  be  thought  that  State  uni- 
versities could  not  expect  private  bene- 
factions of  any  considerable  value,  but 
this  also  has  been  disproved, first  and  most 
conspicuously  by  California,  which,  it 
used  to  be  said  not  long  ago,  had  re- 
ceived more  gifts  than  all  the  other  State 
universities  put  together.  This  state- 
ment is  doubtful  now  for  the  Universities 
of  Vermont  and  Virginia,  as  well  as  many 
others,  have  been  generously  treated  of 
late,  and  when  the  University' of  Wiscon- 
sin comes  into  the  Vilas  bequest  it  will 
rival  California  in  endowed  wealth. 
Philanthropists  everywhere  are  coming 
to  realize  that  donations  to  public  insti- 
tutions are  likely  to  be  more  permanent, 
more  widely  useful  and  more  generally 
appreciated  than  private  foundations,  and 
the  town  libraries,  city  museums  and  art 
galleries,  and  State  universities  are  be- 
ginning to  benefit  by  this  realization. 

Of  the  benefactions  received  by  the 
University  of  California  those  of  Mrs. 
Phoebe  A.  Hearst,  a  member  of  the 
Board  of  Regents,  have  been  most  varied 
and  continuous.  Besides  supporting  many 
scientific  and  archeological  researches, 
she  has  furnished  the  funds  for  the  archi- 
tectural plans  of  the  University  and  for 
two  of  its  first  buildings.  Ten  years  ago 
the  Regents  invited  the  architects  of  the 
world  to  compete  in  designing  a  har- 
monious building  scheme  providing  for 
the  future  development- of  the  Univer- 
sity, without  regard  to  the  existing  build- 
ings on  the  campus.  The  total  cost  of 
the  competition  was  about  $160,000,  and 
the  first  prize  was  won  by  M.  Emile 
Benard,  of  Paris. 

This  international  architectural  compe- 
tition was  worth  all  it  cost,  perhaps  not  for 
the  actual  value  of  the  Benard  plans  in 


9/o 


THE     INDEPENDENT 


themselves,  but  for  the  publicity  it  gave  to 
the  ambitious  ideals  of  the  University 
and  for  the  impulse  it  gave  to  the  move- 
ment for  harmonious  collegiate  architec- 
ture all  over  the  country.  The  portfolio 
of  prize  designs  was  distributed  freely 
to  other  universities,  and  on  many  a 
campus  we  find  indications,  sometimes 
amusingly  or  pathetically  futile,  of  an 
attempt  to  realize  its  grand  conceptions. 
Even  to  the  campus  of  California  the 
plans  of  M.  Benard  were  not  very  closely 
adapted  and  by  the  time  they  are  put  into 
stone  there  will  not  be  much  left  of  them 
except  the  general  scheme  of  arrange- 
ment. Notwithstanding  that  a  plaster 
relief  map  of  the  campus  was  sent  to 
Paris  and  the  winning  architect  later 
came  in  person  to  locate  the  buildings, 
the  plans  do  not  fit  the  ground,  and  the 
axis  of  the  whole  has  had  to  be  shifted. 
Not  even  the  second  building,  the  new 
mining  building,  could  be  placed  where 
he  had  designated,  for  it  would  have  in- 
volved a  fill  of  sixty-five  feet  on  one 
corner.  It  shows  how  American  uni- 
versities look  to  European  eyes  thit 
the  dominant  note  of  the  scheme 
which  M.  Benard  elaborated  in  de- 
tail was  a  spectacular  dome  intend- 
ed as  a  sort  of  Hall  of  Triumph 
to  the  greater  glory  of  athletics.  It 
would  have  done  very  well  as  a  Hotel  de 
Ville  at  Lyons,  or  a 'Palace  of  Peace  at 
The  Hague,  but  no  one  would  have  sus- 
pected it  of  being  a  university  or  of  be- 
longing in  America,  least  of  all  in  Cal- 
ifornia. The  supervising  architect,  Pro- 
fessor Howard  has  abandoned  this  feat- 
ure altogether,  putting  a  drill  ground  in 
its  place,  and  in  drawing  the  plans  for  the 
other  buildings  has  given  them  some 
touches  of  originality  and  indigenous- 
ness  in  varying  degrees.  Thus  tho  the 
new  law  and  library  buildings  will  ad- 
here rather  closely  to  classical  lines,  Cal- 
ifornia Hall,  which  is  used  for  classrooms 
and  administrative  offices  is  somewhat 
less  conventional,  the  new  Hearst  Mining 
Building  shows  still  greater  individuality 
and  the  future  Agricultural  Building  will 
be  decidedly  novel  as  befits  the  State. 
The  three  buildings  of  the  Greater  Uni- 
versity, so  far  constructed  are  here  il- 
lustrated so  the  reader  may  judge  them 
for  himself.  I  liked  the  design  of  the 
Mining  Building  best,  except  for  some 


details.  It  is  handsome  from  all  side', 
and  cleverly  adapted  to  its  peculiar  pur- 
poses, as  in  the  treatment  of  the  central 
hall,  sixty-four  feet  high,  with  a  five-ton 
traveling  crane  running  its  entire  length 
of  120  feet,  and  in  the  rows  of  tall  chim- 
neys for  the  furnaces ;  but  I  must  confess, 
altho  it  may  expose  my  ignorance  or 
lack  of  taste,  that  I  do  not  see  any  ar- 
tistic or  utilitarian  justification  for  the 
two  columns  and  entablature  that  are 
stuck  in  the  large  windows. 

The  new  library,  of  which  we  present 
on  the  cover  an  original  drawing  made 
from  the  architect's  sketch  for  it  is  not 
yet  completed,  will  cost  over  a  million 
dollars,  half  paid  by  the  State  and  half 
from  the  bequest  of  Charles  F.  Doe.  It 
is  much  needed  for  the  present  building 
is  painfully  inadequate  for  200,000  vol- 
umes and  those  who  want  to  read  them. 
The  latest  important  addition  to  the  li- 
brary is  the  unique  collection  of  Herbert 
Hume  Bancroft  on  Western  and  Span- 
ish-American history.  This  contains 
about  50,000  books  and  twice  as  many 
manuscripts,  and  was  recently  purchased 
by  the  University  for  $150,000.  What- 
ever may  have  been  Bancroft's  deficien- 
cies as  a  historian  he  performed  an  in- 
valuable service  to  history  in  getting 
hold  of  the  letters  and  journals  of  the 
pioneers  of  California,  and  of  the  records 
of  the  Spanish  whom  they  displaced. 
There  are  sixteen  students  now  working 
over  this  rich  material. 

The  most  interesting  building  to  me 
was  not  one  of  the  new  million  dollar 
palaces,  but  a  chalet  of  rough  pine  boards 
just  across  Strawberry  Canyon,  for  this 
is  the  laboratory  of  Professor  Jacques 
Loeb,  one  of  the  few  scientists  that  the 
outside  world  is  not  willing  to  let  alone. 
But  such  unheard  of  things  as  hatching 
sea-urchins  that  have  a  fatty  acid  for  a 
father  will  get  into  the  papers,  however 
carefully  concealed  "in  the  obscurity  of 
a  learned  tongue"  such  as  German  or 
technical  English.  I  found  Professor 
Loeb  happier  than  in  Hull  Court  at  the 
University  of  Chicago,  for  here  he  has 
fewer  reporters  and  an  ocean  full  of  ex- 
perimental material.  He  wants  no  mar- 
ble or  granite  palace ;  he  wants  only 
room  and  salt  water,  with  partitions 
movable  to  suit  the  exigencies  of  the  ex- 
periment, for  his  physiology  is  not  a 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA. 


971 


static  subject.  He  showed  me  an  ex- 
periment. It  looked  easy.  I  could  have 
done  it  myself  if  I  had'  thought  of  it. 
Into  a  glass  of  sea  water  he  put  some 
minute  marine  animals  and  then  sensi- 
tized them  to  light  by  a  dash  of  carbon- 
ated water  from  a  siphon.  As  promptly 
as  at  a  word  of  command  they  all  headed 
toward  the  electric  bulb  like  a  herd  of 
cattle  toward  a  watering  trough.  I 
wondered  whether  some  reagent  could 
not  be  discovered  that  would  induce  such 
photo-tropism,  such  an  eagerness  for  the 
light,  in  a  crowd  of  human  beings.  Car- 
bon dioxid  does  not  seem  to  work  that 
way  on  people  in  a  lecture  room.  I 
merely  mention  the  matter  here  to  re- 
serve the  field  for  future  investigation. 

Leaving  the  physiological  laboratory  I 
went  on  up  the  hill,  past  a  building  full 
of  clattering  machinery,  the  realm  of 
"the  scholar  in  overalls,"  on  up  the  steep 
winding  path  thru  the  tall  trees  to  the 
barren  brow  of  the  hill  whereon  is  the 
big  C.  Here  I  was  900  feet  above  the 
ocean  and  could  look  over  the  tops  of 
the  trees  and  the  two  cities  of  Oakland 
and  Berkeley,  out  across  the  bay  where 
lies  the  city  of  San  Francisco.  To  the 
left  I  could  see  far  down  the  valley 
hemmed  in  by  mountains,  among  them 
Mount  Hamilton,  the  site  of  the  Observ- 
atory. Straight  in  front  was  the  Golden 
Gate,  ever  open  and  inviting  westward 
toward  the  Far  East. 

I  was  reminded  that  the  Gate  opened 
in  as  well  as  out  when  I  saw  a  young 
man  sitting  in  the  glare  of  the  afternoon 
sun  on  the  bare  and  dusty  hillside.  I 
thought  he  was  asleep,  but  as  I  came 
closer  I  found  he  was  reading  a  San- 
skrit book;  Vedantic  philosophy,  he 
courteously  informed  me.  I  squatted  at 
his  feet  like  a  disciple  before  his  guru, 
while  he  gave  me  a  first  lesson  in  yoga 
practices,  drawing  diagrams  in  the  sand 
with  a  broken  twig  to  illustrate  the  theory 
of  the  four  selves  and  to  show  how  all 
paths  led  to  absorption  in  the  All.  It 
was  surprising  to  find  the  Absolute  here 
established,  serene  and  unshaken,  assert- 
ing its  old  time  prerogatives  of  unity  and 
infinity  just  as  if  Prof.  William  James 
had  not  visited  the  campus  only  a  few 
months  before. 

I  inquired  if   he   were  not  homesick. 


The  philosopher  is  equally  at  home  in 
all  lands,  he  replied,  also  demonstrating 
it  geometrically.  He  was  obstinately  un- 
complaining, still  I  gathered  the  impres- 
sion from  the  conversation  that  there 
were  times  when  self-denial  ceased  to  be 
a  virtue  and  became  a  painful  necessity; 
that  when  the  crops  in  India  failed  and 
the  ryots  could  not  pay  their  penny  or 
two  a  year  to  the  Swadeshi  fund,  the 
Hindus  in  America  had  to  practice  more 
abstinence  than  yoga  required.  The  In- 
dian students  are  mostly  sent  to  this 
country  by  the  Scientific  Industrial  As- 


A  HINDU  STUDENT  ON  THE  HILLSIDE. 

sociation  of  Calcutta  to  study  agriculture 
and  manufacturing1  in  order  that  they 
may  achieve  the  economic  independence 
of  their  country.  There  also  seems  to 
be  a  desire  to  get  them  out  of  British 
influence  and  into  a  more  democratic  at- 
mosphere. Every  campus,  as  I  have 
said,  thinks  it  has  the  most  democratic 
atmosphere  in  the  world.  I  wonder  what 
the  Orientals  think  about  it.  It  is  worth 
considering  now  that  they  are  looking  to 
us  for  help  in  the  development  of  their 
civilization.  There  is  a  new  form  of 
university  coming,  which  is  foreshad- 
owed in  California.  Greater  and  more 
influential  than  a  State  or  a  national  uni- 
versity will  be  the  international  university 
of  the  future. 

NEW  YORK  CITY. 


RELIEF  MAP  OF  THE  COMPLETED  CANAL, 
Showing  the  line   of  the  canal,  the  Panama    Railroad,  the  locks  and  the  artificial  lake. 

The   Construction   of  the  Canal 

BY  GARDNER  RICHARDSON 

[This  is  the  third  article  in  our  series  on  the  Panama  Canal  written  by  cur  special 
representative.  The  first  appeared  in  our  issue  of  April  isth,  the  second  on  April  22d, 
and  a  fourth  will  follow  next  week. — EDITOR.] 


A  LOCK  canal  across  the  Isthmus 
of  Panama  is  promised  by  Jan- 
uary ist,  1915,  thirty-one  years 
after  the  French  first  broke  ground  and 
eleven  years  since,  the  American  occu- 
pation. The  first  plan  of  the  French 
called  for  a  sea-level  canal,  and  it  was 
only  after  the  enormous  difficulty  and  ex- 
pense of  the  undertaking  became  appar- 
ent that  a  change  to  a  tentative  lock  plan 
was  made  in  1887.  When  the  first  French 
company  failed  in  1889,  a  total  of  $265,- 
000,000  had  been  spent.  The  New 
French  Company  excavated  in  a  desul- 
tory way  for  fifteen  years,  confining  their 
work  largely  to  the  Culebra  Cut,  and 
making  their  excavation  serviceable  for 
either  a  lock  or  sea-level  canal.  The 
New  French  Company  removed  a  total 
of  only  about  7,000,000  cubic  yards,  an 
amount  which  the  Americans  now  take 
out  in  two  average  months. 

The  rate  of  excavation  has  increased 
enormously  since  the  Americans  began. 
In  one  month  the  amount  of  earth  now 
removed  is  double  the  amount  taken  out 
during  the  entire  year  of  1905.  "All 
Records  Broken"  is  a  frequent  headline 
in  the  Canal  Record,  the  official  organ 
of  the  Canal  Commission.  The  issue 
for  April  7th,  1909,  announces  the  ex- 
cavation for  March  as  3,880,000  cubic 
yards,  establishing  a  new  high  record. 
Of  this  amount  2,353,000  cubic  yards 

972 


were  removed  by  steam  shovels,  and  i,- 
527,000  by  dredges.  The  excavation 
made  for  outside  construction  work,  and 
not  directly  in  the  Canal  prism  is  not  in- 
cluded in  these  figures.  If  this  work  were 
added,  the  total  for  March  would  be  over 
4,000,000  cubic  yards.  March  is  one  of 
the  most  favorable  months  for  establish- 
ing a  record,  as  the  rainfall  is  then  at  the 
minimum.  It  has  been  said,  however, 
that  there  are  two  seasons  in  Panama, 
one  the  rainy  season,  and  the  other  the 
wet.  At  all  events,  during  a  supposedly 
dry  month  we  witnessed  a  tropical  rain- 
storm that  would  have  been  designated 
as  a  cloudburst  in  the  United  States. 

The  following  table  gives  the  figures 
for  the  total  excavation  up  to  the  present 
time: 

AMOUNT  OF  EXCAVATION  IN  CUBIC  YARDS  ON 

THE  PANAMA  CANAL. 

Excavation  by  French  companies..     81,548,000 
Excavation  by  Americans : 
May  4  to  Dec.  31,  1904. .      243,472 

Jan.  i  to  Dec.  31,  1905..   1,799,227 

• 

Jan.  i  to  Dec.  31,  1906.  .  4,948,497 

Jai^it^Dec^  31,  1907.  .15,765,290 
Jan.  T  to  Dec.  31,  J^38j_137.o7a8§/ 
Jan.  i  to  March  31,  1909.  9,953.767 


69,781,140 

Total  excavation 151,329,140 


THE  CONSTRUCTION  OF  THE  CANAL 


973 


President  Taft  has  exprest  the  wish 
that  the  Panama  Canal  be  completed  bv 
March  4th,  1913.  The  members  of  the 
Isthmian  Canal  Commission  feel  that  the 
tentative  date  of  January  1st,  1915,  can 
be  bettered,  but  the  completion  of  the 
Canal  during  President  Taft's  present 
administration  will  be  a  difficult  task. 
The  excavation  can  be  finished  unless  un- 
foreseen difficulties  arise.  The  present 
state  of  this  branch  of  the  work  is  shown 
in  the  following  table : 


AMOUNT  OF  EXCAVATION  IN  CUBIC  YARDS  NEC- 
ESSARY TO  COMPLETE  THE  CANAL. 

Estimate  of   excavation   to  be   done 

by  Americans  174,666,595 

Excavation  made  to  March  31,  1909.  69,781,140 


Amount  remaining 104,885,455 

At  the  present  rate,  not  taking  account 
of  the  steady  increase  in  the  monthly 
records,  the  actual  work  of  excavation 
can  be  finished  in  the  three  years.  The 
determining  feature  in  the  completion 


THE   OLD  FORTRESS   AT   PORTO   BELLO. 
This  was   an   important  town    in   early    Spanish  days,  but  was  destroyed  by  Henry   Morgan,  the  privateer. 


974 


THE     INDEPENDENT 


date  is  the  construction  of  the  locks  and 
dams  at  Gatun. 

This  is  a  gigantic  project,  and  figures 
alone  do  not  convey  the  change  that  must 
be  brought  about  to  build  what  is  prac- 
tically an  artificial  mountain,  a  mile  and 
a  half  long  and  a  third  of  a  mile  wide  at 
the  base.  This  great  barrier  will  form 
a  lake  no  square  miles  in  area,  and 
80  feet  deep  in  a  considerable  portion. 
The  area  to  be  flooded  contains  several 
villages,  that  are  to  be  transported  bodily 
to  higher  ground.  The  building  of  the 
locks  will  require  3,500,000  cubic  yards 
of  concrete,  the  largest  piece  of  masonry 
constructed  in  modern  times. 


The  rock  taken  from  the  Canal  prism 
is  not  of  a  suitable  quality  to  be  used  in 
the  concrete  work.  Most  of  the  rock  is 
an  argillacious  sandstone,  and  the  small 
amount  obtainable  of  harder  formation 
would  be  expensive  to  sort  out  and  trans- 
port by  rail  from  Culebra  to  Gatun,  a 
distance  of  almost  thirty  miles.  This  sit- 
uation has  led  to  one  of  the  most  inter- 
esting supplementary  pieces  of  work  un- 
dertaken by  the  Commission. 

About  twenty  miles  from  the  Cristobal 
entrance  of  the  Canal,  on  the  Atlantic 
Coast,  is  situated  the  historic  town  of 
Porto  Bello.  The  old  fortresses,  cap- 
tured by  Henry  Morgan,  and  the  Spanish 


THE    SINKING    OF    AN    EMBANKMENT   AT    GATUN. 

It   was   this   settling   at   Gatun   that  caused  such  unfounded  alarm.     The   depression  has  been   filled  in,   with  no 

further  sinking. 


THE  CONSTRUCTION  OF  THE  CANAL 


975 


THE   SITE  OF   THE   LOCKS   AT  GATUN. 
The    excavation    has    been    completed    and   the  masonry  work  will  soon  be  started.     Each  lock  is  1,000  feet  long. 


convent  still  stand,  overgrown  by  weeds 
and  surrounded  by  the  squalid  thatched 
huts  of  the  native  village.  Porto  Bello 
is  the  best  natural  harbor  in  that  section 
of  the  Caribbean  Sea,  and  has  a  depth  of 
from  five  to  fifteen  fathoms.  At  the  en- 
trance of  the  harbor  two  natural  but- 
tresses rise  sheer  up  from  the  water's 
edge,  and  it  is  from  these  that  2,000,000 
cubic  yards  of  crushed  stone  will  be 
brought  to  Gatun.  The  rock  here,  a 
massive  andesite,  is  well  suited  for  con- 
crete, while  the  quantity  is  practically  un- 
limited ;  enough,  in  fact,  not  only  for  the 
work  at  Gatun,  but  also  for  a  break- 
water at  the  Atlantic  entrance  of  the 
Canal.  This  breakwater  will  be  con- 
structed of  large  squares  of  rock,  trans- 
ported from  Porto  Bello  in  barges  and 
sunk  in  Limon  Bay.  An  exploration  by 
means  of  borings  justifies  an  estimate  of 
20,000,000  cubic  yards  of  good  rock 
available  at  the  quarry.  Other  consider- 
ations in  selecting  Porto  Bello  were  that 
the  rock  could  be  sent  from  the  quarry 


to  the  crusher  and  from  the  crusher  to 
the  barges  by  gravity. 

An  expensive  machine  shop  is  also  be- 
ing installed,  and  it  is  hinted  unauthori- 
tatively  that  the  United  States  will  re* 
tain  possession  of  Porto  Bello  perma- 
nently as  a  coaling  and  naval  station.  If 
this  plan  is  in  view  rare  foresight  is 
shown,  for  the  harbor  is  unexcelled,  and 
is  in  a  region  where  suitable  harbors  are 
a  rarity. 

From  an  engineering  point  of  view,  by 
far  the  most  interesting  section  of  the 
work  is  at  Gatun.  In  the  construction 
of  the  great  dam,  three  features  are 
prominent — the  building  of  the  rock  toes, 
the  placing  of  the  impermeable  core  or 
hydraulic  fill,  and  the  construction  of  the 
spillway.  The  rock  toes  have  been  laid 
to  furnish  a  solid  foundation  •  and  pre- 
vent any  possible  slipping.  The  core  of 
the  dam  will  not  be  made  of  loose  ma- 
terial excavated  from  the  Canal  prism, 
as  the  seepage  in  that  case  would  be  con- 
siderable. The  material  will  be. chiefly 


976 


THE     INDEPENDENT 


a  mixture  of  clay  and  sand  pumped  in 
by  hydraulic  machinery.  The  laying  of 
the  concrete  in  the  spillway  has  been 
started.  The  work  to  be  done  is  the 
lining  of  the  channel  that  runs  from  the 
point  where  the  regulating  works  will  be 
built  to  the  north  toe  of  the  dam,  a  dis- 


large  to  accommodate  a  considerable  fleel, 
and  docks  and  warehouses  will  doubtless 
be  built  along  the  new  water  front.  What 
was  formerly  a  tropical  jungle  will  be- 
come a  thriving  seaport,  where  the  goods 
of  all  nations  will  be  handled. 

The    work   at    Culebra,    which  is  the 


IN    THK   DAYS  OF  THE   FRENCH. 

This  unusual  photograph   was  taken  on  February   i,    1889,   and   shows   a  group   of   French   engineers  enjoying 

holiday   in   Panama. 


tance  of  1,200  feet.  Thru  this  channel, 
which  will  be  285  feet  wide  and  ten  feet 
above  sea  level,  the  Chagres  River  will 
be  diverted  within  a  year.  The  Gatun 
Lake  will  then  be  allowed  to  rise  and 
take  its  place  in  the  world's  geography. 
Gatun  will  undoubtedly  be  the  most 
important  place  on  the  Canal  line,  after 
the  completion  of  the  work.  In  addi- 
tion to  the  necessity  of  a  permanent  force 
to  operate  the  locks,  there  will  probably 
be  a  harbor  of  some  importance  at  this 
point.  In  preference  to  docking  at  Colon, 
ocean  vessels  will  go  thru  the  locks  and 
dock  in  fresh  water  at  Gatun.  The  fresh 
water  destroys  the  barnacles  and  sea- 
weed that  gather  with  great  rapidity  on 
all  vessels  in  tropical  waters.  There 
will  be  an  anchorage  at  Gatun  sufficiently 


backbone  of  the  Isthmus,  is  progressing 
satisfactorily.  In  round  numbers  29.000.- 
ooo  cubic  yards  had  been  taken  out  by 
the  Americans  up  to  April  ist,  1909,  and 
there  are  still  47,000,000  cubic  yards  re- 
maining. The  following  table  gives  the 
complete  figures  for  the  amount  of  ex- 
cavation still  to  be  done  in  the  different 
divisions : 

RECORD  OF  EXCAVATION  IN  CUBIC  YARDS  ON  THE 
PANAMA  CANAL. 

Amount 
remaining. 

25,135,600 
47,068,015 

6,557,045 
26,124,795 


Amount 
excavated. 


Atlantic   Division 17,941,711 

Central  Division — 

Culebra    29,724,280 

Other  points   ....  6,445,153 

Pacific  Division  15,669,996 


Grand  total   69,781,140         104,885.455 


THE  CONSTRUCTION  OF  THE  CANAL 


977 


Two  of  the  locks  on  the  Pacific  side 
are  to  be  located  at  Pedro  Miguel.  •  At 
this  point  in  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande, 
the  Canal  will  drop  from  the  85-foot 
level  of  Gatun  Lake  to  the  55-foot  level, 
the  first  step  of  the  descent  to  sea  level 
that  will  be  completed  at  Miraflores, 
where  twin  locks  are  to  be  built  between 
the  converging  hills.  The  final  plan  on 
which  the  French  worked  included  a  lock 
at  Pedro  Miguel,  and  some  excavating 
was  done  at  this  point,  but  the  American 
plan  involves  an  additional  excavation  of 
1,200,000  cubic  yards.  Compared  with 
the  great  barrier  at  Gatun,  the  Pedro 


While  the  breakwater  on  the  Atlantic 
side  will  be  constructed  of  specially  pro- 
cured rock,  an  extensive  system  of  break- 
waters will  be  built  on  the  Pacific  side 
of  material  taken  from  the  Canal  prism. 
The  proximity  of  La  Boca  to  Culebra  ad- 
mits the  transportation  of  material  to 
tidewater  at  small  expense.  The  chan- 
nel runs  out  from  the  mainland  into  Pan- 
ama Bay,  a  distance  of  five  miles,  and  to 
lessen  the  silting  up  of  this  channel,  a 
breakwater  is  being  built  from  La  Boca 
to  Naos  Island,  a  distance  of  two  and 
one-half  miles.  This  breakwater  is  a 
long  embankment  of  earth  and  rock  ex- 


ANOTHER    PHOTOGRAPH    TWENTY    YEARS    OLD. 
This  was  taken  on  October   15,    1888,    and  shows   the    stage    of    the    work    reached   by    the    French    at    Culebra. 


Miguel  dam  is  small,  but  it  involves  a  fill 
of  over  a  quarter  of  a  million  cubic  yards, 
and  is  being  constructed  as  carefully  as 
the  Gatun  Dam  itself.  Instead  of  the 
hydraulic  fill  that  will  form  the  imper- 
meable portion  of  the  Gatun  Dam,  a  dry- 
clay  core  is  being  placed  in  the  dam  at 
Pedro  Miguel.  Over  20,000  cubic  yards 
of  this  fine,  yellow  clay  will  be  carefully 
packed  in  the  center. 


cavated  from  the  Culebra  Cut,  and 
dumped  from  a  trestle  that  reaches  out 
toward  the  island  in  advance  of  the  rap- 
idly lengthening  fill.  The  tide  sweeps 
along  the  coast  with  great  force,  and  in 
addition  to  preventing  the  channel  from 
silting  up,  the  breakwater  may  in  the 
course  of  time  become  enlarged  to  a  con- 
siderable peninsula.  At  all  events,  a  rail- 
road will  be  built  on  the  embankment  to 


9/8 


THE     INDEPENDENT 


connect  Naos  Island  with  La  Boca,  and 
docks  can  be  located  along  the  break- 
water if  the  facilities  at  La  Boca  prove 
inadequate. 

In  addition  to  the  breakwaters,  a  large 
area  at  La  Boca,  which  is  three  feet  under 
water  at  high  tide  and  a  mud  flat  at 
low  tide,  is  being  filled  in  to  a  hight  of 
fifteen  feet  above  the  high-tide  mark.  This 
improves  the  health  and  appearance  of 
the  locality,  and  what  is  more  important 
furnishes  valuable  land  for  terminal  and 
warehouse  purposes  where  it  is  most 
needed. 

The  question  of  the  relative  merits  of 


essential  details.  The  final  choice  be- 
tween a  sea-level  and  an  85-foot-level 
lock  canal  was  made  in  1906.  The  de- 
ciding advantages  of  the  lock  canal  were 
the  decreased  cost  and  the  shorter  time 
required.  The  advocates  of  the  sea-level 
canal  fear  the  possible  destruction  of  the 
locks  by  earthquake,  accident  or  the  dy- 
namite of  an  enemy.  The  objections 
to  a  sea-level  canal  are  the  difficulty  of 
controlling  the  Chagres,  and  the  fact  that 
locks  cannot  entirely  be  avoided  in  any 
case,  as  the  difference  in  tides  between 
the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  would  necessi- 
tate a  tidal  lock  in  a  canal  built  at  sea- 


THE   NORTHERN   END   OF  THE  CULEBRA   CUT, 
Showing   the   lowest   level    reached    in   this   section.     There  is  still  a  distance  of  about  ninety  feet  to  go. 


a  lock  and  sea-level  canal  has  occupied 
the  minds  of  the  world's  most  expert  en- 
gineers, and  as  many  as  eighty  different 
plans  have  been  presented,  all  varying  in 


level.  The  total  cost  to  the  Americans 
to  complete  the  present  lock  canal  is  es- 
timated at  $297,766,000.  The  estimate 
for  a  sea-level  canal  is  $477,601,000. 


THE  CONSTRUCTION  OF  THE  CANAL 


979 


These  figures  do  not  in  either  case  in- 
clude the  $40,000,000  paid  to  the  French 
company  and  $10,000,000  paid  to  the  Re- 
public of  Panama. 

The    present     Commission     is     using 


prism.  It  was  raised  again  last  Novem- 
ber and  was  repaired,  with  plates  dug 
out  of  the  mud  at  San  Pablo,  and  fitted 
with  machinery  from  an  old  dredge  at 
Gorgona,  left  on  the  banks  of  the 


., 


A  LIDGERWOOD  UNLOADER  AT  WORK. 
The  advantage  of  unloading  a  train  of  cars  by  this  steam  plow  over  m  mual  labor  is  enormous. 


every  effort  to  economize.  The  cost  of 
material  and  labor  is  worked  out  in  the 
most  careful  detail  and  published  in  the 
Canal  Record.  The  French  machinery 
is  used  to  the  utmost  extent.  As  an  il- 
lustration, the  floating  of  the  old  French 
ladder  dredge  "Marmot"  is  an  interesting 
example.  The  hull  of  the  dredge  had 
been  erected  by  the  French  and  anchored 
at  La  Boca.  Before  the  machinery  was 
installed  work  was  suspended  and  the 
hull  abandoned.  Early  in  the  American 
occupation  it  was  sunk  in  the  old  French 
Canal,  to  get  it  out  of  the  way.  A  change 
in  plans  made  it  necessary  to  raise  the 
hull  and  sink  it  again  outside  the  Canal 


Chagres  by  the  French.  Within  a  month 
it  will  be  at  work  in  the  Pacific  entrance 
of  the  Canal,  doing  the  excavation,  for 
which  it  was  designed  twenty-five  years 
ago. 

One  thousand  pounds  of  old  French 
scrap  iron  have  been  forwarded  to  the  Di- 
rector of  Mints  at  Philadelphia  to  be  used 
in  making  medals  for  employees  who  have 
a  record  of  two  years'  consecutive  serv- 
ice on  the  Isthmus.  Up  to  January  ist, 
1909,  about  2,400  medals  had  been 
earned  and  it  is  estimated  that  the  num- 
ber of  medals  to  be  earned  in  the  future 
will  aggregate  about  500  a  year.  Medals 
earned  by  employees  who  have  died  sub- 


98o 


THE     INDEPENDENT 


sequently  will  be  delivered  to  their  heirs. 
These  medals  will  be  prized  more  than 
the  public  at  large  might  believe,  for  to 
many  men  they  represent  two  years  of 
hard  work,  under  trying  conditions,  and 
a  share  in  an  enterprise  of  international 
importance.  The  awarding  of  these  med- 
als reminds  one  of  the  erection  of  the 
statue  of  Columbus  at  Cristobal,  as  a 
tribute  to  de  Lesseps  and  the  French  thru 
the  efforts  of  Empress  Eugenie,  who  was 
then  an  exile  in  England. 

Many  of  the  facts  and  figures  in  this 
article  are  taken  from  the  Canal  Record, 
and,  in  this  connection,  it  is  well  to  say 
a  word  of  praise  for  this  publication.  It 
has  been  the  object  of  repeated  attacks 
and  criticisms  by  the  Senate  and  the 
House,  who  claim  it  is  an  expensive  lux- 
ury and  an  improper  Government  ac- 
tivity. 

The  Canal  Record,  however,  binds 
the  forces  at  Panama  together  in  a  man- 
ner otherwise  impossible,  and  is  account- 
able in  a  large  measure  for  the  esprit  de 
corps  among  the  employees.  The  report 
on  the  work  of  the  individual  steam  shov- 
els and  dredges  causes  a  friendly  rivalry 
among  the  crews.  The  publication  of 


social  notes,  baseball  league  standings 
and  letters  from  employees  are  all  of  in- 
terest and  of  assistance  in  keeping  the 
different  points  on  the  line  in  touch  with 
each  other.  The  monthly  report  in  de- 
tail of  the  progress  of  excavation,  show- 
ing a  steady  advance,  is  encouraging  to 
the  men  and  shows  them  they  are  not 
working  on  a  task  whose  margin  fades 
forever  when  they  move. 

President  Taft,  speaking  at  New  Or- 
leans on  February  I2th,  said  there  were 
many  who  favored  a  sea-level  canal  and 
many  who  favored  a  lock  canal,  and 
neither  faction  would  give  up  their  views 
after  a  decision  had  been  made.  But  it 
was  necessary  to  build  some  sort  of  a 
canal,  and  build  it  at  once.  If  a  con- 
tinual change  of  plan's  were  made,  there 
never  would  be  any  canal  at  all.  Presi- 
dent Taft  is  right.  Nothing  is  more  dis- 
couraging than  a  fire  in  the  rear,  and 
the  men  at  Panama  are  working  with 
their  whole  hearts  and  souls  to  accom- 
plish the  greatest  engineering  enterprise 
of  centuries.  If  the  men  now  in  charge 
are  left  unhampered  and  undisturbed 
ships  will  be  crossing  from  the  Atlantic 
to  the  Pacific  in  five  years. 


Glove  and   Hand 


BY  MARY  A.   P.  STANSBURY 


TEARS,  dearest,  here  within  my  arms ! 

What  ill-winged  shape  has  fluttered  nigh 
To  vex  your  peace  with  vague  alarms? 

You  "fear  lest  one  of  us  may  die!" 

But  listen!  Here's  your  glove,  a  bit 
Of  silk-mesh  sweet  with  breath  of  you, 

Creased  daintily  the  flesh  to  fit, 
Where  slipped  the  slender  fingers  thru, — 

Yet,  when  you  came  to  me  today, 

And  I  would  kiss  your  hand — like  this — 

You  drew  the  glove  off,  smiling, — "Stay," 
You  said,  "let  the  hand  feel  the  kiss !" 


Sweet,  do  you  read  my  riddle  right? 

Lo,  this  fair  body,  a  live  web 
Of  netted  tissues,  rose  and  white 

As  the  free  pulses  flow  and  ebb 

In  broidered  veins, — with  sinuous  swell 
Of  muscles  strong  and  fine,  with  grace 

Of  motion,  and  all  charms  that  dwell 
Within  the  blossom-tinted  face, — 

What  is  it  but  a  glove  upon 
The  hand — the  spirit — by  so  much 

Defrauding  insight  of  its  own, 
And  subtly  dulling  touch  on  touch  ? 


And  shall  some  dream  of  fleeting  breath 
Shake  the  calm  patience  of  that  love 

Which  waits — beyond  the  door  of  death — 
The  clasp  of  souls — without  the  glove? 
APPLETON,  Wis. 


Literature 


Cyclopedia  of  American  Agri- 
culture 

IF  the  farmer  should  attempt  to  keep, 
up  with  the  literature  of  his  occupation 
as  the  doctor,  minister  and  lawyer  are 
supposed  to  he  would  not  get  enough 
outdoor  exercise  to  keep  him  in  good 
health.  In  the  new  volume  of  Bailey's 
Cyclopedia  of  American  Agriculture* 
there  is  a  list  of  437  agricultural  period- 
icals now  published  in  the  United  States. 
Every  State,  territory  and  insular  pos- 
session has  one  or  more  experiment  sta- 
tions, each  of  which  must  publish  at 
least  four  bulletins  a  year  and  usually 


er,  has  been  sifted  by  experts  and 
brought  into  compact  form,  without, 
however,  making  it  so  condensed  as  to 
be  dull  reading.  It  is  bulky  enough  as 
it  is.  Each  of  the  four  volumes  con- 
tains 600  to  700  pages,  measuring  jV2 
inches  by  10.  But  it  is  well  arranged 
and  divided  into  chapters,  sections  and 
paragraphs,  with  separate  heads  so  one 
can  turn  directly  to  the  subject  he  is 
interested  in  without  even  reference  to 
the  index.  The  cuts,  of  which  there  are 
more  than  two  thousand,  are  just  where 
they  are  wanted,  little  line  drawings 
stuck  in  the  text,  illustrating  just  one 
point  apiece'  and  no  more.  Besides  these, 


APPEARANCE      OF     AN     IRRIGATION     DITCB        AN    IRRIGATION    DITCH    TEN    YEARS    AFTER 
WHEN    FIRST   COMPLETED.  COMPLETION. 

From   Bailey's  "Cyclopedia  of   American   Agriculture." 


publishes  two  or  three  times  that  num- 
ber. Then  there  are  the  voluminous  pub- 
lications of  the  national  Department  of 
Agriculture,  besides  State  reports,  pro- 
ceedings of  conventions,  farm  notes  in 
the  country  papers,  and  books.  No  won- 
der most  farmer's  protect  themselves 
against  this  flood  of  printed  pages  by 
refusing  to  read  at  all. 

Here  is  where  the  usefulness  of  the 
present  work  comes  in.  This  immense 
mass  of  material,  wherein  what  is -really 
original  and  valuable  is  hard  to  discov- 

*CYCLOPEDIA  OF  AMERICAN  AGRICULTURE.  A  popu- 
lar survey  of  agricultural  conditions,  practices  and 
ideals  in  the  United  States  and  Canada.  Edited  by 
L.  H.  Bailey.  Vol.  I,  Regions,  soils,  farm,  plans  and 
atmosphere.  Vol.  II,  Crops.  Vol.  Ill,  Animals. 
Vol.  IV,  Farm  and  community.  New  York:  The 
Macmillan  Co.  Per  vol.,  $5.00. 


there  are  a  hundred  full  page  halftones. 
The  only  improvement  one  •  would  sug- 
gest in  the  way  of  illustration  would  be 
a  few  color  plates  where  they  are  really 
needed,  and  the  free  use  of  diagrams 
and  other  graphical  methods  of  present- 
ing statistics. 

The  list  of  contributors  is  practically 
a  roll  of  the  leading  American  investiga- 
tors. It  is  hard  to  think  of  a  prominent 
name  that  is  missing.  About  150  men 
have  collaborated  and  as  many  more  as- 
sisted in  the  preparation  of  each  volume. 
Their  contributions  have  been  welded 
together  with  such  skill  that  there  is 
comparatively  little  repetition  or  conflict, 
but  the  cross  references  should  be  more 
numerous. 

981 


982 


THE     INDEPENDENT 


The  work  follows  the  evolutionary 
order,  minerals,  plants,  animals,  man, 
beginning  with  the  farm  and  ending  with 
the  farmer.  The  last  volume  deals  with 
the  economics  and  sociology  of  farm  life, 
with  such  questions  as  why  there  are 
thousands  of  abandoned  farms  in  New 
England,  how  much  commission  the 
middleman  has  a  right  to,  in  how  far 
cooperation  is  practical,  within  what  lim- 
its is  intensive  farming  a  paying  prop- 
osition, and  how  to  keep  farm  accounts. 
Considerable  space  is  devoted  to  agricul- 
tural education  and  to  the  elevation  of 
country  life  thru  traveling  libraries, 
reading  courses,  telephones,  and  free 
delivery.  The  volume  concludes  with  250 
brief  biographies  of  leading  American 
agriculturists  of  the  past. 

This  cyclopedia  should  be  put  at  the 
head  of  the  list  of  books  to  be  bought 
by  every  public  library  having  a  farming 
constituency.  The  smaller  the  library  the 
more  important  that  it  should  have  it, 
for  it  would  require  many  other  volumes 
to  take  its  place.  It  also  is  a  useful  ref- 
erence work  for  school  libraries  in  town 
and  country. 

# 

Crawford's  Last  Novel 

IN  these  days  when  everybody  writes 
whether  they  know  how  or  not  it  gives 
one  a  pleasurable  sense  of  relief  to  come 
upon  the  work  of  a  practised  hand.  We 
may  not  understand  the  cause  of  the  dif- 
ference but  we  feel  it  just  as  we  feel 
the  difference  when  an  experienced 
motorman  replaces  a  green  hand  on  a 
trolley  car.  Marion  Crawford  wrote 
forty  volumes  and  yet  the  world  sorrows 
because  it  can  have  no  more  from  his 
pen.  Of  what  other  novelist  could  this 
be  said?  Since  1882,  when  "Mr.  Isaacs" 
appeared,  the  taste  of  the  public  has 
changed  several  times.  Schools  of  fic- 
tion have  come  and  gone,  but  Crawford 
always  remained  in  favor.  There  are 
two  reasons  for  his  continued  popular- 
ity: he  always  had  a  story  to  tell  and 
he  knew  how  to  tell.  He  was  a  born 
story-teller,  and,  what  is  more  rare,  a 
trained  one.  He  takes  an  open,  naive 
delight  in  his  power.  In  The  White 
Sister*,  for  example,  at  the  end  of  the 
fifth  chapter  the  clouds  seemed  to  be 

*THE    WHITE    SISTER.      By    F.    Marion    Crawford. 
New  York:  The  Macmillan  Co.      $1.50. 


clearing  away  and  Angela  and  Giovanni 
were  likely  to  marry  and  live 
"happily  for  many  years,  because  they  were 
suited  to  each  other  in  all  ways  and  were 
possessed  of  excellent  constitutions.  If  all  this 
had  happened,  their  story  would  have  little 
interest  except  for  themselves,  or  as  an  exam- 
ple for  young  couples;  and  it  is  a  deplorable 
fact  that  there  is  hardly  anything  so  dull  and 
tiresome  in  the  world  as  a  good  example." 

After  this  little  explanation  to  the  reader 
why  he  cannot  let  the  course  of  true  love 
run  smooth  the  author  proceeds  to  put 
the  couple  thru  thirteen  chapters  more 
of  separation  and  torture,  mental,  moral 
and  physical,  before  bringing  them  to- 
gether at  the  last.  The  story  is  the  thing 


F.   MARION   CRAWFORD, 

Author  of  "The  WTiite  Sister."     Born  August  2,  1834. 
Died   April  9,    1909. 

and  he  is  not   going  to  allow  it  to  be 
spoiled   for  anybody's  happiness. 

Another  characteristic  of  Crawford's 
style  is  his  extreme  clarity  and  simplicity 
of  diction.  He  has  been  accused  of  be- 
ing melodramatic,  and  so  he  is  if  that 
means  the  use  of  dramatic  coincidences 
and  violent  catastrophes.  In  this  novel 
a  man  is  killed  by  an  automobile,  two 
more  are  shot,  a  dynamite  magazine  is 
blown  up,  a  will  is  stolen,  and  the  theft 
confessed  in  delirium,  the  heroine  is  in 
turn  a  princess  and  heiress,  an  outcast 
and  a  foundling,  a  nun  and  a  wife ;  the 
hero  is  a  slave  five  years  in  Africa  and 
has  his  arm  amputated;  all  this  and 
much  more  of  the  kind  happens  that  we 


LITERATURE 


983 


must  not  disclose,  yet  it  has  not  the 
faults  of  melodrama.  The  characters  are 
not  wooden,  but  very  lifelike  and  spon- 
taneous in  their  actions,  and  the  lan- 
guage is  never  theatrical.  In  the  most 
dramatic  moments  the  style  is  as  plain, 
straightforward  and  unpretentious  as 
ever.  He  just  tells  what  happened.  In 
The  White  Sister  he  defends  his  ob- 
jective method  indirectly  by  a  criticism 
of  the  psychological  novelists.  Possibly 
he  had  in  mind  George  Moore's  "Sister 
Teresa." 

"An  accomplished  psychologist  would  easily 
fill  a  volume  with  the  history  of  Angela's  soul 
from  the  day  on  which  she  learned  the  bad 
news  till  the  morning  when  she  made  her 
profession  and  took  the  final  vows  of  her 
order  in  the  little  convent  church.  But  one 
great  objection  to  psychological  analysis  in 
novels  seems  to  be  that  the  writer  never  gets 
beyond  analyzing  what  he  believes  he  himself 
would  have  felt  if  placed  in  the  'situation'  he 
has  invented  for  his  hero  or  heroine.  Thus 
analyzed  Angela  Chiaromonte  would  not  have 
known  herself,  any  more  than  those  who  knew 
her  best,  such  as  Madame  Bernard  and  her 
aunt  the  Princess,  would  have  recognized  her. 
I  shall  not  try  to  'factqrise'  the  result  repre- 
sented by  her  state  of  mind  from  time  to  time; 
still  less  shall  I  employ  a  mathematical  process 
to  prove  that  the  ratio  of  dx  to  dy  is  twice  x, 
the  change  in  Angela  at  any  moment  of  her 
normal  growth.  What  has  happened  must  be 
logical,  just  because  it  has  happened;  if  we  do 
not  understand  the  logic,  that  may  or  may  not 
be  the  worse  for  us,  but  the  facts  remain." 

& 

The  Story  of  My  Life.  By  Ellen  Terry. 
New  York:  Doubleday,  Page  &  Co. 
$3-50. 

Miss  Ellen  Terry  is  to  be  congratu- 
lated upon  the  vivacity  of  her  recollec- 
tions ;  they  possess  a  rare  quality  of 
varying  mood  that  is  charming  because 
temperament  finds  itself  so  closely  allied 
with  intellect.  These  are  more  than 
reminiscences ;  they  are  likewise  reflec- 
tions— upon  people,  upon  acting,  upon 
the  artist's  life  in  general.  Since  18556 
Miss  Terry  has  been  intimate  with 
the  stage,  and  her  life  connects  the 
era  of  Tom  Taylor  and  Charles  Reade 
with  'that  of  Ibsen  and  Bernard 
Shaw;  her  remembrances  of  Charles 
Kean,  •  of  her  meeting  with  Henry 
Irving  in  December,  1867,  of  the  Ly- 
ceum, days,  have  the  advantage  over  a 
mere  chronicle  in  the  fact  that  her  ob- 
servation is  of  no  casual  order.  There 
are  lights  and  shadows  in  this  "autobiog- 
raphy"— a  very  human  account  that  is 


surprisingly  free  from  prejudices,  con- 
sidering the  life  with  which  it  deals ;  it 
is  poetically  vivid,  sometimes  incisively 
so.  It  is  whole-souled  and  frank,  espe- 
cially when  it  sounds  the  note  of  self-criti- 
cism ;  it  is  interesting  reading,  altho  it  is 
rambling,  which  means  that  it  is  form- 
less. Miss  Terry  is  sound  in  her  criti- 
cisms, altho  she  overestimates  the  inevit- 
ableness  of  Irving's  interpretations;  her 
comparisons,  for  instance,  of  Duse  and 
Bernhardt  are  little  short  of  excellent 
criticism;  they  are  impressionistic.  On 
all  matters  relating  to  the  world  behind 
the  curtain  she  is  eminently  safe  to  fol- 
low, more  so  than  any  recent  "raconteur" 
of  the  stage.  In  fact,  this  book,  with  its 
adequate  illustrations,  if  rightly  read, 
would  awaken  many  a  stage-struck  girl, 
altho  in  no  respect  does  it  forsake  devo- 
tion to  the  theater.  Miss  Terry  has  had 
her  literary  associations,  and  she  has  not 
lost  the  value  of  knowing  such  men  as 
Tennyson,  Rossetti  and  Burne-Jones,  in 
the  flattery  of  the  moment.  Her  experi- 
ences have  left  their  personal  mark ;  they 
have  this  advantage  over  those  of  Clara 
Morris,  published  several  years  ago,  that 
whereas  the  former  have  real  substance 
the  latter  are  largely  fiction  in  their  total 
effect. 

£ 

The  Standard  of  Living  Among  Working- 
men's  Families  in  New  York  City.  By 
Robert  Coit  Chapin,  Ph.  D.  New  York: 
Charities  Publication  Committee.  $2.00. 

There  is  a  growing  study  in  this  coun- 
try of  the  cost  of  living.  New  York  City 
has  been  made  the  basis  of  two  detailed 
studes  within  recent  years.  Mrs.  L.  B.  Bo- 
lard,  two  years  ago,  published  a  volume 
based  on  two  hundred  family  budgets  of 
families  in  the  neighborhood  of  Green- 
wich Village,  in  the  Southwestern  section 
of  New  York  City.  The  present  volume  is 
based  on  391  families  living  in  Various 
parts  of  Greater  New  York.  Professor 
Chapin  has  done  a  most^thoro  piece  of 
work,  and  he  deserves  the  commendation 
of  students  of  the  subject  for  the  very 
careful  workmanship  he  has  shown  in 
putting  together  in  readable,  compact, 
accessible  shape  the  mass  of  data  gath- 
ered by  his  investigators.  The  work  is 
the  result  of  an  investigation  pursued 
under  the  auspices  of  a  committee  of  the 
New  York  State  Conference  of  Charities 
and  Corrections,  Professor  Chapin  act- 


THE     INDEPENDENT 


ing  as  secretary  of  the  Committee.  It  was 
subsidized  by  the  Russell  Sage  Found- 
ation. The  attempt  was  made  to  find 
families  of  "normal  composition  and 
moderate  size."  The  incomes  of  the 
greater  part  were  between  $600  and  $i,- 
100,  but  there  were  included  some  as 
low  as  $400  and  some  over  $1,100.  ''An 
income  of  $900  or  over  probably  permits 
the  maintenance  of  a  normal  standard, 
at  least  so  far  as  the  physical  man  is  con- 
cerned." This  is  Professor  Chapin's  con- 
clusion as  to  an  average  family  for  New 
York  City.  A  family  falling  below  that 
is  liable  to  suffer  deterioration.  He  says 
"almost  every  family  in  the  $600  and 
$700  groups  shows  some  manifest  de- 


light on  a  matter  most  important  to  our 
social  welfare.  There  is  attached  a  re- 
port on  the  standard  of  living  among 
workingmen's  families  in  Buffalo  by  John 
R.  Howard,  Jr.,  based  on  an  investiga- 
tion of  100  families. 


Siena.  The  Story  of  a  Medieval  Commune. 
By  Ferdinand  Schevill.  New  York: 
Charles  Scribner's  Sons.  $2.50. 

In  spite  of  the  unceasing  and  over- 
whelming flood  of  literature  on  Italy 
there  is  room  for  such  a  book  as  this, 
which  is  neither  a  volume  of  snap-shot 
impressions  nor  a  dry  compilation  of 
archeological  monographs,  but  a  well-di- 
gested, well-balanced  and  well-written 


"GUIDORICCO    DA   FOGLIANO," 
By    Simore    Martini    (in   the  Palazzo    Publico).      From    Schevill's  "Siena." 


ficiency."  Assistant  Professor  Frank  P. 
Underhill,  of  Yale,  calculated  the  food 
values  of  food  materials  purchased  by  the 
families,  a  number  of  the  schedules  hav- 
ing been  submitted  to  him.  His  conclu- 
sion was  that  twenty-two  cents  per  clay 
was  the  lowest  sum  which  could  be  ex- 
pended for  an  adult  man  in  order  to  give 
him  full  normal  sustenance.  Professor 
Chapin  points  out  that  one-third  of  the 
$600  families  spent  less  than  this  sum, 
and  must,  therefore,  be  underfed,  if  the 
calculation  as  to  the  sustaining  power  of 
the  food  materials  is  correct.  There  is 
some  difference  of  opinion  as  to  this. 
Nevertheless,  such  a  study  throws  great 


story  of  the  city  from  its  origin  to  its 
overthrow  in  the  sixteenth  century.  The 
author  seems  equally  at  home  in  discuss- 
ing the  religious  spirit  which  found  its 
highest  expression  in  St.  Catherine,  the 
civic  spirit  which  brought  a  commune  out 
of  factional  groups  of  nobles,  clergy, 
merchants  and  artisans,  and  the  artistic 
spirit  which  adorned  the  medieval  sky- 
scrapers and  striped  churches.  Altho  Mr. 
Schevill  has  sufficient  enthusiasm  for  his 
city  to  do  it  justice  yet  he  does  not  fall 
into  the  common  error  of  exaggerating 
its  achievements  or  of  insisting  upon  the 
admiration  for  every  obscure  artist  or 
author. 


LITERATURE 


985 


Literary   Notes 


.  . .  .Witliiu  its  modest  limits,  Mr.  Jesse  Lynch 
Williams  Mi:  Cleveland:  A  Personal  Impres- 
sion is  a  welcome,  a  useful,  and  an  informing 
little  volume,  giving  a  suggestive  glimpse  of 
the  man  behind  the  President.  (Dodd,  Mead, 
50  cents). 

The  edition  of  The  Works  of  fames 

Buchanan,  comprising  his  speeches,  state  pa- 
pers, and  private  correspondence,  collected  and 
edited  by  John  Bassett  Moore,  reaches,  in  Vols. 
V  and  Vl,  recently  issued,  the  years  1841-46. 
(Lippincott,  $5.00). 

....A  sizable  volume  of  some  500 -pages 
contains  a  new  edition  of  The  Life  and  Letters 
of  Lord  Macaulay,  first  issued  in  this  country 
by  its  present  publishers  in  1875,  in  two  vol- 
umes, and  printed,  it  would  appear,  from  the 
original  plates..  (Harper's,  $1.50). 

....One  of  the  latest  contributions  to  a  li- 
brary of  amazing  proportions  in  many  lan- 
guages is  Edward  L.  Andrew's  Napoleon  and 
America,  an  "outline  of  the  relations  of  the 
United  States  to  the  career  and  downfall  of 
Napoleon  Bonaparte."  Mr.  Andrews  believes 
that  American  disregard  of  the  Continental 
blockade  was  the  proximate  cause  of  the  Rus- 
sian campaign  and  Napoleon's  downfall,  a 
somewhat  bold  theory.  (Mitchell  Kennerley, 
$2.00). 

....The  progress  which  wireless  telegraphy 
has  made  in  the  last  few  years  is  traced  in  a 
new  edition  of  A.  E.  Kennedy's  book  on  the 
subject,  which  we  welcomed  in  1906.  The  au- 
thor has  brought  this  new  issue  entirely  up  to 
date,  adding  to  it  whatever  is  worth  saying  at 
the  present  moment  on  the  subject  of  still  an- 
other service  of  science  to  practical  life,  wire- 
less telephony.  The  new  book  is  therefore 
called  Wireless  Telegraphy  and  Wireless  Tele- 
phony. For  the  benefit  of  those  unfamiliar 
with  the  series  of  "Present  Day  Primers"  to 
which  it  belongs,  it  may  be  said  that  the  book 
is  written  for  the  general  reader  as  well  as 
for  the  technical  student.  (Moffat,  Yard, 
$1.00). 

....The  Lincoln  centenary  has  left  in  its 
wake  some  minor  publications  that  call  for  but 
brief  comment.  First  of  these  is  Ida  M.  Tar- 
bell's  Father  Abraham,  told  in  the  homely  style 
that  has  become  so  intimately  associated  in  our 
imagination  with  the  great  President,  and,  be 
it  added,  told  admirably  well.  The  spirit  of 
the  popular  memory  of  Lincoln  is  reflected  in 
this  little  book,  which  is  good  reading  for  the 
young.  (Moffat,  Yard,  $1.25).  Mr.  James 
Creelman's  Why  We  Love  Lincoln  fills  accept- 
ably its  mission  as  a  brief  centenary  survey  of 
his  life  and  career.  It  sounds  the  proper  note, 
and  does  it  with  conviction.  (Outing,  $1.25).  A 
lecture  on  Abraham  Lincoln,  by  Brevet  Brig.- 
Gen.  Benjamin  Rush  Cowen,  an  appreciation 
rather  than  recollections  by  the  official  in 
charge  of  the  Lincoln  funeral  cortege,  who, 
moreover,  in  the  course  of  his  career,  had  been 
in  personal  contact  with  him,  has  been  put  be- 
tween covers.  (Cincinnati :  Robert  Clarke  Co., 
$1.00).  An  Anthology  of  the  Epigrams  and 
Sayings  of  Abraham  Lincoln,  edited  by  Francis 


D.  Tandy,  contains  all  the  winged  words  that 
have  become  familiar  to  us,  and  many  more, 
less  well  known,  but  well  worthy  of  being  mad'' 
thus  readily  accessible.  (New  York:  Francis 
D.  Tandy  Co.,  75  cents.) 


Pebbles 

MATRIMONIAL  advertisements  are  not  the 
exclusive  privilege  of  the  emancipated  Western 
woman.  The  newest  civilization  of  Japan  has 
also  assimilated  them,  with  improvements. 
Here  is  a  specimen  : 

>:I  am  a  very  pretty  girl.  My  hair  is  as 
wavy  as  a  cloud.  My  complexion  has  the  bril- 
liancy and  softness  of  a  flower.  My  expres- 
sion 'is  as  noble  as  the  leaf  of  the  weeping  wil- 
low, My  brown  eyes  are  like  two  crescents  of 
the  moon. 

"I  have  enough  worldly  goods  to  pass  hap- 
pily thru  life  with  my  husband,  hand  in  hand, 
gazing  at  the  flowers  by  day  and  the  moon  by 
night.  If  this  should  meet  the  eye  of  a  man 
who  is  intelligent,  amiable  and  of  good  ad- 
dress, I  will  be  his  for  life,  and  repose  with 
him  later  in  a  tomb  of  red  marble."  —  Dundee 
Advertiser. 

THE  popular  after-dinner  speaker  rose  to 
respond  to  a  toast. 

"Gentlemen,"  he  said,  "the  unexpectedly  flat- 
tering manner  in  which  your  toastmaster  has 
introduced  me  this  evening  reminds  me  of  a 
story  which  strikes  me  as  being  appropriate  to 
the  occasion.  By  the  way,  how  many  of  you 
have  heard  the  story  of  the  Pennsylvania 
farmer  and  the  young  wolf  he  bought  for  a 
'coon  dog;  ?  Will  those  who  are  familiar  with 
it  from  having  listened  to  it  half  a  dozen  times 
or  more  please  raise  their  hands?" 

An  overwhelming  majority  of  his  auditors 
raised  their  hands. 

"Thanks,  gentlemen,"  he  said.  I  shall  not 
inflict  it  upon  you." 

With  their  rapturous  applause  still  ringing 
in  his  ears,  he  sat  down. 

He  made  the  hit  of  the  evening.  —  Chicago 
Tribune. 

HE  was  a  naughty  little  brother,  but  little 
brothers  very  often  are  naughty  on  such  occa- 
sions. 

His  sister's  suitor  was  awaiting  patiently  in 
the  drawing-room,  and  Tommy,  who  was  en- 
tertaining him.  opened  fire  with  : 

"Are  you  going  to  propose  to  my  sister  to- 
night?" " 

"Why,  I  —  er  —  ,  —  er  —  what  do  you  mean?" 
asked  the  young  man  uneasily. 

"Oh,  nothing,"  was  the  reply.  "Only  if  you 
are,  don't  think  you  are  going  to  surprise  her. 
At  dinner  just  now  she  gave  me  and  my  little 
brother  a  quarter  each  to  go  to  bed  at  half- 
past  seven.  She's  hung  four  Cupid  pictures  on 
the  parlor  wall,  moved  the  sofa  over  in  the 
darkest  corner,  got  ma  and  pa  to  go  calling 
next  door,  shut  the  dog  in  the  cellar,  and  been 
practising-  'Because  I  Love  You'  on  the  piano 
all  the  afternoon.  You'll  get  her  all  right,  but 
if  she  tries  anything  on  about  it's  being  so 
sudden,  just  tell  her  it's  all  bunkum  !"  —  Wash- 
ington Post. 


Entered  at  New  York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  Matt,  r 

Publisher,  Clarence  W.   Bowen 
130    Fulton    Street        -        -        -         New     York 

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Trusts  and  the  Government 

MR.  TAFT,  with  the  aid  of  the  learned 
attorneys  in  his  Cabinet,  will  strive  to 
improve  the  machinery  by  .  which  the 
laws  against  combinations  and  rebating 
-are  enforced,  and  to  prepare  needed 
amendments  to  the  Anti-Trust  law  which 
Congress  and  the  people  will  accept.  To 
improve  the  machinery,  a  new  distribu- 
tion of  the  duties  of  the  Interstate  Com- 
merce Commission  and  of  parts  of  two 
Departments  is  required.  This  is  not 
an  easy  task,  but  amendment  of  the 
Sherman  act  is  a  much  more  difficult  one. 
That  law  should  be  modified,  but  public 
opinion  opposes  any  relaxation  of  its 
severity. 

The  influence  of  the  prevailing  public 
sentiment  upon  Congress  was  shown  by 
the  report  of  the  Senate  Judiciary  Com- 
mittee last  winter,  that  the  statute  ought 
not  to  be  changed.  That  report  is  hos- 
tile to  the  recommendations  which,  in  all 
probability,  the  President  will  submit  for 
the  amendment  of  the  law.  It  is  not 
realized  by  a  majority  of  our  people  that 
a  strict  and  universal  enforcement  of  the 
Sherman  act,  as  it  has  been  interpreted 
and  applied  by  the  courts,  would  pro- 
foundly disturb  the  legitimate  business 

986 


of  the  country,  subjecting  to  prosecu- 
tion and  punishment  a  great  number  of 
persons  whose  operations  have  been  ben- 
eficial rather  than  harmful. 

In  his  remarks  at  a  dinner  in  New 
York  last  week,  Attorney  General  Wick- 
ersham  spoke  of  the  President's  purpose, 
and  of  the  need  of  amendments  which 
would  "except  from  the  provisions  of 
the  law  the  ordinary  agreements  which 
are  the  necessary  result  of  healthy  busi- 
ness conditions."  In  that  address.  .Mr. 
\Yickersham,  defining  the  policy  of  the 
Administration,  did  not  propose  any  re- 
treat from  the  position  taken  by  Mr. 
Roosevelt : 

"The  work  of  the  present  Administration  is 
none  the  less  important  than  was  that  of  the 
last  in  continuing  to  enforce  the  laws  of  the 
country  and  in  endeavoring  to  effectuate  the 
intent  of  the  people,  speaking  thru  Congress,  in 
preventing  the  things  which  the  people  have 
come  to  believe  to  be  inconsistent  with  the  wel- 
fare of  the  Republic ;  but  the  methods  which 
were  necessary  to  awaken  the  business  com- 
munity to  a  recognition  of  the  existence  and 
vitality  of  these  laws  are  no  longer  essential." 

He  did  say,  however,  that  some  "suits 
were  instituted  and  some  prosecutions 
commenced  without  sufficient  considera- 
tion and  without  adequate  cause,"  and 
he  gave  notice  that  proceedings  in  such 
cases  would  be  discontinued.  He 
found  it  necessary  to  be  frank,  altho  he 
might  appear  to  be  criticising  his  prede- 
cessor and  Mr.  Roosevelt.  Perhaps  it 
would  have  been  better  to  withhold  that 
criticism  and  to  permit  the  statement  of 
reasons  to  accompany  and  explain  the 
action  to  be  taken.  He  gave  notice  that 
he  should  not  authorize  the  criminal 
prosecution  of  men  who,  without  intent 
to  violate  the  Sherman  act,  have  taken  a 
course  technically  at  variance  with  an 
extreme  and  most  drastic  construction 
of  the  statute.  If  the  men  in  question 
do  not  wrong  the  public  by  such  tech- 
nical violation  of  the  law,  the  public  will 
not  condemn  his  policy. 

Some  who  have  read  the  report  of  Mr. 
\Yickershanvs  remarks  in  connection 
with  the  accompanying  report  of  what 
was  said  by  the  gentleman  who  presided 
at  the  dinner,  may  have  been  uncon- 
sciously led  by  the  speech  of  that  gentle- 
man (Mr.  Joseph  H.  Choate),  who  in- 
troduced and  eulogized  the  Attorney- 
General,  to  ascribe  to  the  latter's  address 
a  reactionary  tendency  which  it  really 


EDITORIAL 


987 


did  not  exhibit.  Mr.  Choate's  unfavor- 
able opinion  of  President  Roosevelt's 
policy  and  of  the  course  pursued  by 
Attorney-General  Bonaparte  was  quite 
plainly — perhaps  too  plainly — exprest, 
and  we  do  not  see  how  the  expression 
of  it  could  have  been  enjoyed  by  Mr. 
Bonaparte's  successor. 

Mr.  Choate  pointed  out  that  Mr.  Wick- 
ersham  had  been  "a  corporation  lawyer, 
a  defender  of  institutions  which  twelve 
months  ago  were  everywhere  con- 
demned," and  he  added  that  "it  was 
quite  time  that  they  [the  corporations] 
had  their  innings."  It  is  true,  as  Mr. 
Choate  also  said,  that  corporation  law- 
yers are  deservedly  eminent  in  their  pro- 
fession, but  the  corporations  which  en- 
gage the  Attorney-General's  attention 
are  those  which  violate  the  laws.  On  the 
day  before  this  dinner  Mr.  Wickersham 
had  approved  a  settlement  by  which  the 
Sugar  Trust  restored  to  the  Government 
more  than  $2,000,000  which  had  virtu- 
ally been  stolen  by  means  of  fraudulent 
weighing  machines.  Mr.  Choate  re- 
cently appeared  in  court  for  the  defense 
in  a  suit  in  which  this  Trust,  or  corpora- 
tion, and  a  railroad  company  were  prose- 
cuted by  the  Government  for  rebating, 
and  his  defense  was  not  successful.  We 
are  confident  that  he  does  not  think  such 
corporations  are  now  to  "have  their  in- 
nings" because  Mr.  Wickersham  is  at 
the  head  of  the  Department  of  Justice, 
jl 

The  Humanists  and  the  Scientists 

IN  the  article  on  the  University  of 
California  in  this  issue,  as  well  as  in 
previous  articles  of  the  series,  attention 
is  called  to  the  tendency  of  the  rival  fac- 
tions of  college  faculties  to  come  togeth- 
er and  forget  their  traditional  rivalry. 
There  is  arising  a  new  spirit  of  mutual 
toleration  and  comprehension  and  a  dis- 
position on  both  sides  to  moderate  ex- 
clusive and  exaggerated  claims  and  to 
join  forces  for  the  promotion  of  modern 
education. 

The  old  warfare  between  science  and 
classics  is  practically  over.  The  old 
weapons  are  still  flourished  occasionally 
but  merely  from  habit.  The  former  pug- 
nacious zeal  and  dogmatism  is  lacking. 
This  is  not  so  much  because  the  classi- 


cists have  been  defeated  as  it  is  because 
the     scientists     have     been     triumphant. 
There     is     widely     prevalent     in     tech- 
nological  as   well  as  in  literary  depart- 
ments, a  feeling  of  disappointment  at  the 
results  of  a  generation  of  scientific  train- 
ing,  a   feeling  that  science  has   had   its 
chance  now  and  has  not  ''made  good." 
Spencer's    tract    on    "Education,"    and 
Huxley's  simile  of  life  as  a  chess  game 
played  against  Nature,  are  as  unanswer- 
able as  ever  but  they  are  not  so  convinc- 
ing as  formerly.     The  men  now  coming 
out  of  our  laboratories  and  shops,  do  not, 
to  say  the  least,  stand  head  and  should- 
ers above  their  mates  in  the  humanistic 
departments.      They   are   not    so   distin- 
guisht  by  their  broadmindedness,   toler- 
ance,   practicality,    truthfulness,    logical 
power  and  freedom  from  superstition  and 
like  infirmities,  as  to  demonstrate  the  in- 
trinsic superiority  of  scientific  training. 
Whether  or  not  it  has  been  proved  that 
the  advantages  to  be  gained  by  the  study 
of  science  are  the  same  as,  or  equal  to, 
those  derived  from  the  study  of  the  clas- 
sics, it  has  been  undeniably  demonstrated 
that  the  evils  resulting  from  poor  teach- 
ing of  the  sciences  are  the  same  and  quite 
as  great  as  those  produced  by  poor  teach- 
ing of  the  classics.     That  is,  the  subject 
matter  of  science  does  not  in  itself  have 
any  magic  power  to  make  it  practical,  to 
prevent  the  student  from  falling  a  victim 
to  an  instructor's  dullness  or  laziness.   All 
the  ancient  evils  which  the  advocates  of 
the  new  learning  so  vigorously  criticised 
in  the  old  are  to  be  found  too  often  in 
classes   devoted   to  the  most   novel   and 
utilitarian  of  subjects,  that  is  the  aloof- 
ness from  life,  the  memorizing  instead  of 
thinking,  and  the  cheating  the  pupil  into 
the  belief  that  he  is  gaining  valuable  in- 
formation when  he  is  only  learning  new 
words. 

Of  course,  it  is  not  fair  to  expect  re- 
formers to  keep  their  promises.  They 
never  can  "deliver  the  goods."  It  is 
doubtful  if  any  reform  would  be  zealous- 
ly enough  propagated  to  carry  it  thru  or 
strenuously  enough  opposed  to  prevent  it 
if  advocates  and  opponents  were  not  de- 
luded into  the  belief  that  it  would  make 
more  of  a  change  in  human  affairs  than 
it  ever  does.  It  may  also  be  argued  that 
science  has  not  had  a  fair  chance  because 


988 


THE     INDEPENDENT 


its  teachers  have  not  had  the  real  scien- 
tific spirit.  That  is  true  but  beside  the 
question.  Everybody  will  agree  that  zo- 
ology, as  taught  by  an  Agassiz  or  Hux- 
ley, is  an  Inspiring  and  profitable  study, 
but  the  question  is  whether  zoology  as 
taught  by  the  ordinary  high  school  teach- 
er is  better  than  Latin  as  taught  by  a 
man  of  the  same  caliber. 

The  humanists  must  hot  interpret  the 
dissatisfaction  with  the  results  of  scien- 
tific training  as  indicating  that  they  are 
to  be  reinstated  in  their  ancient  rights 
and  privileges.  A  restoration  of  the 
Bourbons,  if  they  have  forgotten  nothing 
and  learned  nothing,  would  be  followed 
by  another  revolution.  But  they  may 
find  in  it  an  opportunity  to  co-operate 
with  their  disillusionized  colleagues  of 
the  opposite  wing  of  the  faculty  in  found- 
ing a  new  education  which  shall  have  the 
advantages  of  both. 

The  humanists  were  eternally  right  in 
maintaining  that  the  proper  study  of 
mankind  is  man.  They  lost  ground  when 
they  departed  from  this  principle  and 
acted  upon  the  idea  that  the  proper  study 
of  mankind  is  words.  The  scientists  won 
their  cause  by  showing  that  a  study  is 
not  necessarily  devoid  of  educational 
value  because  it  has  a  practical  bearing 
on  modern  life.  We  are  disappointed  in 
them  when  they  desert  their  winning 
colors  and  act  upon  the  assumption  that 
the  ultimate  ideal  of  humanity  is  a  math- 
ematical formula.  If  the  two  parties  can 
be  kept  to  their  respective  ideals  there 
would  be  little  conflict  between  them  and 
a  few  mutual  concessions  would  bring 
them  together.  The  classicists  should 
concede  that  the  human  race  extends  be- 
yond the  Mediterranean  basin  and  that 
there  are  other  avenues  of  approach  to  it 
than  half  a  dozen  books  in  Greek  and 
Latin.  The  astronomer  should  be  re- 
quired to  teach  that  man  is  the  center  of 
the  universe  and  that  the  sun,  stars  and 
comets  really  revolve  around  our  earth, 
however  convenient  it  may  be  for  him  to 
adopt  temporarily  an  extra-terrene  stand- 
point for  the  purpose  of  calculating  their 
orbits.  The  zoologist  may  devote  his  life 
to  the  anatomy  of  the  South  Sea  sea- 
urchin  but  he  should  be  able  to  tell  \\liv 
he  is  doing  it.  The  editor  of  a  scientific 
series  should  do  as  the  editor  of  a  daily 
does,  hand  back  the  manuscripts  to  their 


authors  marked  "H.  I."  with  a  blue  pen- 
cil, this  meaning  to  a  reporter  "run 
human  interest  into  your  story." 


Oliver  Wendell  Holmes 

THE  Wonderful   Year  gives  us   now 
another  centennial,  that  of  the  birth  of 
our  own  Dr.  Holmes.    He  is  one  of  that 
marvelous  company  of  poets  that,  as  pro- 
fessors, made  Harvard    College    famous 
fifty  years   ago.   Nowhere  have   we   the 
like  of  them  in  this  degenerate  day.  But 
why  should  we  call  this  degenerate  which 
fills   the    literary   gap   with   astronomers 
and  engineers  and  inventors?  Emerson's 
squirrel  replied  well  to  the  mountain  who 
had  called  him  ''little  prig": 
"You  no  doubt  are  very  big, 
But  I  count  it  no  disgrace 
To  occupy  my  place. 
If  I'm  not  a  big  as  you 

You  are  not  as  small  as  I,  and  not  half  so  spry. 
I'll  not  deny  you  make 
A  very  pretty  squirrel-track. 
Talents  differ:  things  are  well  and  wisely  put. 
If  I  cannot  carry  forests  on  my  back 
Xc-ither  can  you  crack  a  nut." 
Surely    so:     Emerson    and    Longfellow 
and  Holmes  and  Lowell  could  not  build 
a  Brooklyn  Bridge  or  a  Gatun  Dam,  or 
invent  the  telephone  or  the  electric  light. 
Those  were  too  hard  nuts  for  them  to 
crack. 

The  Harvard  trinity  were  all  very  hu- 
man men,  every  one  lovable,  flawless  in 
their  thoughts  and  sweetened  by  the  af- 
fections that  make  life  beautiful.  They 
differed,  nevertheless.  Longfellow  was 
so  like  other  men,  with  no  special 
quality,  except,  as  each  sentiment  and 
feeling  was  developed  or  idealized, 
men  called  him  commonplace,  because 
sentiment  and  feeling  are  common,  and 
need  only  to  find  some  one  who  can  ex- 
press them.  Lowell  added  sparkling 
humor ;  and  Holmes  bubbling  wit.  They 
were  all,  as  became  college  professors  of 
their  day,  thoro  scholars,  but  scholars  in 
the  way  of  their  day.  which  could  all  be 
extracted  from  or  put  into  books,  words, 
thoughts ;  nothing  concrete,  brick  or 
stone  or  steel. 

But  Holmes's  department  was  not  lit- 
erature but  medicine,  which  in  his  day 
was  one  of  the  three  exclusively  learned 
professions.  He  earned  his  salary  by 
teaching  a  physically  useful  art;  but 


EDITORIAL 


989 


he  won  his  fame  by  what  he  was  not 
paid  for,  by  breaking  into  literature,  and 
particularly  by  his  shrewd  wit,  which  be- 
came extravagant  in  some  of  his  poems, 
but  was  tempered  often  by  a  tender  touch 
of  mirthful  sympathy  and  sometimes  by 
a  philosophical  or  even  scientific  flavor 
which,  as  in  the  "Professor  at  the  Break- 
fast Table,"  added  a  new  variety  to 
authorship.  Who  of  the  elder  generation 
can  forget  the  delight  with  which  in 
1858  he  read  the  eagerly  awaited  num- 
bers of  the  new  Atlantic  Monthly — no 
pictures  then  needed  to  float  it — contain- 
ing these  serial  papers,  which  were  the 
articles  first  devoured,  even  before  those 
by  Lowell  and  Longfellow  in  prose  .or 
verse?  And  it  is  on  these  that  Holmes's 
fame  will  chiefly  rest.  Nobody  reads  his 
learned  medical  papers  now ;  but  his 
table-talks  are  a  permanent  addition  to 
English  literature. 

But  before  that  he  had  delighted  the 
children  as  well  as  their  parents  with  his 
poems,  apparently  so  easily  dashed  off, 
and  yet  so  choicely  worded,  and  so 
funny !  Even  still  they  cling  to  memory 
—such  as  'The  Kaytdid" : 

"Did  Katy  love  a  naughty  man, 
Or  kiss  more  cheeks  than  one? 

I  warrant  Katy  did  no  more 
Than  many  a  Kate  has  done." 

Or  the  "One  Hoss  Shay" : 

"How  it  went  to  pieces  all  at  once, 
All  at  once  and  nothing  first, 
Just  as  bubbles  do  when  they  burst. 
End  of  the  wonderful  one-hoss  shay. 
Logic  is  logic — that's  all  I  say." 

Or  "The  Last  Leaf": 

"I  know  it  is  a  sin 
For  me  to  sit  and  grin 

At  him  here, 

But  the  old  three-cornered  hat, 
And  the  breeches  and  all  that 
Are  so  queer. 

"And  if  I  should  live  to  be 
The  last  leaf  upon  the  tree 

In  the  spring, 

Let  them  smile  as  I  do  now 
At  the  old  forsaken  bough 

Where  I  cling." 

And  he  gave  the  same  measure  of  fun 
to  the  "dear  unmarried  aunt"  who 
would 

"Curl  her  wintry  locks 
In.  such  a  springlike  way." 

And  yet  the  most  famous  of  all  his 
poems,  one  spouted  on  every  school  plat- 
form, had  in  it  not  a  tone  of  wit,  only 


the  passion  of  patriotism.     We  can  yet 
repeat  "Old  Ironsides": 
"Ay,  tear  her  tattered  ensign  down  ! 

Long  has  it  waved  on  high. 
And  many  an  eye  has  danced  to  see 

That  banner  in  the  sky; 
beneath  it  rung  the  battle  shout, 

And  burst  the  cannon's  roar  ;  — 
The  meteor  of  the  ocean  air 

Shall  sweep  the  clouds  no  more 

"Oh,  better  that  her  shattered  hulk 

Should  sink  beneath  the  wave  ; 
Her  thunders  shook  the  mighty  deep, 

And  there  should  be  her  grave. 
Nail  to  the  mast  her  holy  flag, 

Set  every  threadbare  sail, 
And  give  her  to  the  god  of  storms, 

The  lightning  and  the  gale." 
When  another  century  shall  have  past, 
not  then  will  these  three  Cambridge  poets 
have  ceased  to  be  remembered  and  re- 
peated. Yes,  and  we  will  also  save  a 
niche  in  our  memory  for  our  Bells  and 
Edisons,  for  we  have  not  quite  forgotten 
Morse  and  Henry. 


A  Good  Man 

WE  have  occasion  many  times  a  year 
to  make  the  obituary  mention  of  great 
men  and  women.  This  is  fitting  and  due, 
altho  we  would  prefer  to  write  of  living 
men  and  issues.  If  ever  it  is  desirable, 
however,  to  take  space  to  eulogize  the 
dead,  it  is  surely  so  in  the  case  of  Samuel 
J.  Barrows,  whose  death  from  pneumonia 
occurred  in  this  city  a  week  ago. 

Here  was  a  man  who,  for  more  than 
forty  years  of  active  life,  has  fought  on 
the  firing  line  of  progress,  asking  only 
how  he  might  serve  his  fellowmen,  seek- 
ing no  social  approbation  or  personal 
gain,  simply  a  modest,  efficient,  great- 
hearted American  devoted  to  the  com- 
mon good.  Born  and  brought  up  on  the 
East  Side  of  New  York  City,  he  was  a 
living  refutation  of  the  proposition  that 
a  modern  city  cannot  produce  a  great 
man.  After  returning  from  the  Civil 
War  he  prepared  himself  to  become  a 
Unitarian  minister.  After  a  brief  term 
in  the  pastorate  he  was  called  to  the  edi- 
torship of  the  chief  organ  of  his  denom- 
ination, The  Christian  Kc^isfcr,  which  ho 
controlled  with  fidelity  and  ability  for 
nearly  twenty  years.  It  was  during  a 
vacation  in  Europe  that  he  was  nominat- 
ed without  his  knowledge  for  Congress. 
As  soon  as  he  was  notified  by  cable  he 


990 


THE     INDEPENDENT 


returned  to  Boston  and  entered  so  en- 
thusiastically into  the  campaign  that  con- 
trary to  general  expectation  he  was 
elected. 

While  he  was  in  Congress  he  was  the 
special  Washington  correspondent  of 
THE  INDEPENDENT,  and  he  used  to  send 
us  weekly  letters  signed  "Floor  Corre- 
pondent."  Even  till  the  time  of  his 
death  he  was  a  frequent  contributor  to 
our  columns,  often  in  the  editorial  pages. 
President  McKinley  was  greatly  imprest 
with  his  ability  and  nominated  him  for 
Librarian  of  Congress  when  his  term  in 
the  House  was  about  to  expire.  Before 
the  nomination  had  been  confirmed  by  the 
Senate,  however,  Mr.  Barrows  wrote  a 
semi-humorous  interview  with  himself  in 
his  Washington  letter,  telling  what  he 
would  do  if  made  Librarian.  This  gave 
a  handle  to  a  few  of  the  little  minds  in 
the  Senate  and  they  held  up  his  confirma- 
tion until  Congress  adjourned  without 
action.  The  next  Washington  letter  Mr. 
Barrows  sent  us  was  signed  "Floored 
Correspondent." 

He  was  quickly  engaged  by  the  New 
York  Prison  Association  as  its  Secretary, 
which  office  he  held  till  his  death.  He 
represented  the  Government  officially  on 
several  occasions  at  prison  co-igresses 
and  he  wras  especially  interested  in  the 
great  international  prison  congress  that 
is  to  be  held  in  this  country  soon,  and 
was  planning  to  spend  this  summer  :n 
South  America  in  its  behalf.  Mr.  Bar- 
rows was  one  of  the  leading  penologists 
in  this  country,  and  he  has  probably  done 
more  than  any  other  American  to  pro- 
mote the  probation  system  and  inde- 
terminate sentence,  and,  in  general,  to 
change  our  prisons  from  brutalizing  dun- 
geons to  great  reformatory  institutions. 

He  was  the  first  man  in  this  country  to 
join  the  Interparliamentary  Union,  ami 
those  who  know  put  his  services  to  the 
cause  of  international  peace  second  to 
those  of  no  other  American.  He  was  a 
master  of  a  dozen  languages,  some  of 
which  he  studied  after  he  was  sixty  years 
old.  He  once  learned  Hungarian  simply 
to  make  a  public  address  in  Budapest. 
In  meetings  of  Greeks  he  spoke  in  their 
modern  tongue.  Tho  he  and  his  no  less 
remarkable  wife  had  but  two  children  of 
their  own,  their  home  was  the  only  one 
known  to  many  orphans.  It  was  no  un- 


common thing  in  their  family  for  chil- 
dren of  the  white,  yellow,  red,  brown  and 
black  races  to  sit  down  to  dinner  to- 
gether. Mr.  Barrows  had  no  race,  class, 
sex  or  religious  prejudice.  One  if  his 
last  articles  in .  THE  INDEPENDENT  told 
how  he  wished  the  churches  were  so 
broad  that  he  could  join  them  all,  Catho- 
lic, Jew,  Presbyterian,  Unitarian,  Episco- 
pal, etc.  He  belonged  to  all  the  more 
important  philanthropic  and  charitable 
societies  of  New  York.  Why  should  he 
be  expected  to  hold  fellowship  in  only 
one  church? 

Perhaps  the  saddest  thing  about  Mr. 
Barrows's  death  was  that  his  devoted  wife 
was  in  Russia  at  the  time  on  an*  errand 
of  mercy — no  less  an  undertaking  than 
to  attempt  to  prevail  on  the  autocracy  to 
liberate  from  jail  that  noble  prisoner, 
Madame  Breshkovsky.  Their  home  life 
was  ideal.  They  married  first  and  got 
their  education  afterward,  tho  they  are 
the  kind  of  people  who  never  cease  learn- 
ing. When  Mrs.  Barrows  wanted  to 
take  a  course  in  medicine  in  Europe  Mr. 
Barrows  earned  the  money  for  both. 
When  Mr.  Barrows  went  thru  the  theo- 
logical seminary  Mrs.  Barrows  supported 
him  with  her  pen.  For  nearly  fifty  years 
this  devoted  pair  havi-  worked  with  and 
for  each  other,  ever  cheerful,  ever  fresh 
for  new  service,  ever  the  inspiration  and 
despair  of  their  fellow  workers.  They 
have  had  no  time  to  make  money,  no  in- 
clination for  the  conventional  social  pleas- 
ures, when  so  much  was  waiting  to  be 
done.  But  when  the  Russian  revolution 
and  famine  came  they  were  the  ones  who 
first  stretched  the  hand  of  brotherhood 
across  the  ocean  from  America.  And 
many  a  heartsick  prisoner  and  motherless 
boy  whom  they  have  befriended  are  pray- 
ing for  them  these  days. 

Xo  prettier  story  can  be  told  than  that 
when  Mr.  Barrows  was  in  Congress  and 
the  tariff  bill  was  up  for  discussion.  A 
high  duty  was  about  to  be  put  on  a  prod- 
uct manufactured  in  a  certain  little  Euro- 
pean town.  The  whole  town  was  en- 
gaged in  the  manufacture  of  this  prod- 
uct, which  was  its  sole  means  of  liveli- 
hood. Mr.  Barrows  recounted  his  ex- 
periences in  that  little  town  on  his  vaca- 
tion during  the  previous  summer,  show- 
ing how  happy  and  prosperous  all  the 
people  were  as  a  result  of  their  ability  to 


EDITORIAL 


991 


sell  their  goods  in  the  American  market. 
He  begged  Congress  not  to  bring  ruin 
ind  desolation  on  them,  even  if  it  would 
enable  some  infant  industry  in  America 
to  compete  with  them.  His  eloquence 
won  the  day  and  the  duty  was  cut  off. 

Not  a  famous  man,  as  fame  goes,  not  a 
rich  man  as  riches  are  counted,  yet  Sam- 
uel J.  Barrows  was  on  the  whole  the  best 
type  of  man  it  has  been  our  privilege  to 
know. 

Jl 

Safeguarding  Opportunity 

IT  takes  a  startling  bit  of  news,  like 
the  publication  of  the  new  British  budget, 
to  make  the  average  intelligent  man  in 
the  United  States  realize  how  far  behind 
some  of  the  countries  of  Europe  our  own 
nation  is  in  the  evolution  of  politico-eco- 
nomic policy.  An  exceptionally  well  in- 
formed minority  of  students,  publicists 
and  journalists  of  course  understand  the 
situation,  and  voters  of  less  than  average 
intelligence  are  satisfied  to  go  on  believ- 
ing that  ever  since  the  fourth  of  July, 
1776,  this  country  has  achieved  the  only 
progress  on  this  planet  worth  talking 
about.  The  multitude,  of  average  intelli- 
gence and  information,  hold  the  balance 
of  power,  and  it  is  a  good  thing  that  now 
and  then  something  compels  them  to  "sit 
up  and  take  notice"  of  the  rest  of  the 
world. 

We  do  not  wish  to  intimate  that  a  cer- 
tain backwardness  of  the  United  States 
in  matters  of  public  policy  is  discreditable 
to  us  as  a  nation.  European  nations  are 
trying  experiments  which  to  us  seem  rad- 
ical because  the  increasing  economic 
pressure  upon  the  middle  and  working 
classes  compels  their  governments  to  do 
something.  In  America  the  pressure  is 
increasing,  but  it  has  not  yet  reached  the 
European  degree  of  intensity.  We  still 
have  an  enormous  amount  of  cheap  land, 
and  the  occupation  of  the  farmer  is  on 
the  whole  more  profitable  than  it  was 
twenty-five  years  ago,  while  the  farmer's 
life  is  being  made,  if  not  as  agreeable  as 
it  was  seventy-five  years  ago,  at  least 
more  attractive  than  it  was  a  generation 
ago. 

The  underlying  question  governing 
both  American  and  European  public  pol- 
icy* is  the  question  of  opportunity.  So 
long  as  nature  and  freedom  provide  and 


safeguard  opportunity,  we  have  little  de- 
mand for  public  or  other  collective  action 
for  relieving  distress,  ''elevating  the 
masses,"  or  assisting  the  average  man  to 
find  employment  or  to  provide  for  his  old 
age.  The  demand  for  these  things  comes 
\vhen  population  has  become  dense  and 
society  has  become  complex,  and  when 
corporate  organizations  control  natural 
resources  and  the  industrial  opportuni- 
ties. Then  the  question  arises :  How- 
shall  the  average  man  be  protected  ?  Shall 
we  take  our  chances  under  merely  re- 
strictive legislation,  and  multiply  the  laws 
and  ordinances  forbidding  the  captains 
of  business  to  do  this  and  do  that?  Shall 
we  try  the  socialistic  experiment,  and 
convert  the  dominant  means  of  produc- 
tion into  collective  property  subject  to 
collective  control?  Or  shall  we  take  a 
middle  course,  and  thru  governmental 
agency  provide  such  protective  measures 
for  the  masses  as  insurance  against  sick- 
ness and  unemployment  and  pensions  for 
old  age,  and  supplement  these  measures 
by  generously  planned  schemes  for  a  na- 
tional development  of  agricultural  lands, 
forests,  waterways  and  so  on? 

It  is  possible  that  these  three  policies 
are  broadly  correlated  with  three  stages* 
of  development,  and  that  some  day  or 
other  the  great  nations  of  the  world  will 
work  out  a  successful  scheme  of  com- 
monwealth co-operation,  the  details  of 
which  seem  to  us,  in  this  present  age, 
both  vague  and  difficult.  That  possibil- 
ity we  consign  to  our  posterity.  For  the 
time  being,  it  does  seem  to  be  in  a  gen- 
eral way  true  that  the  policy  of  restrict- 
ive control  which  we  are  trying  to  work 
out  in  the  United  States,  and  the  policy 
of  safeguarding  economic  life  and  oppor- 
tunity which  Germany,  Belgium,  France 
and  now  England  are  committed  to,  are 
respectively  the  policies  of  nations  that, 
on  the  one  hand,  have  not,  and  on  the 
other  hand  have,  arrived  at  experiences 
of  the  more  intense  degrees  of  economic 
pressure.  If  this  is  true,  we  may  expect 
to  see  American  policy  in  the  course  of 
time  follow  along  the  lines  that  are  now 
being  blazed  by  such  experiments  as  the 
new  British  budget. 

The  feature  of  such  policies  that  per- 
haps will  prove  to  be  best  worth  watch- 
ing is  the  broad  application  of  the  insur- 
ance idea.  Insurance  is  perhaps  the  sirri- 


THE    INDEPENDENT 


plest  and  most  easily  managed  method  of 
creating  a  collective  guarantee  for  the 
benefit  of  an  individual.  All  human  life 
is  contingent  upon  a  cert'iin  compromise 
between  the  communistic  and  the  indi- 
vidualistic principles.  The  public  safety, 
for  instance,  is  based  upon  a  communistic 
give  and  take.  Every  individual,  in  ex- 
change for  his  own  security,  takes  his 
chance  of  being  called  upon  to  risk  his 
life  for  the  general  defense.  Insurance 
is  an  application  of  this  communistic  prin- 
ciple, subject  to  luck.  The  insured  con- 
tribute to  the  general  fund  from  which 
those  individuals  upon  whom  bad  luck 
falls  are  reimbursed.  That  this  principle 
should  be  taken  up  by  a  commonwealth 
or  nation,  and  so  broadened  out  as  to 
make  the  entire  community  safeguard 
each  individual  against  the  more  intoler- 
able calamities  of  life,  such  as  ruinous 
loss  by  illness  or  accident,  unemployment 
and  a  pauper  old  age,  is  theoretically 
quite  as  reasonable  as  that  the  entire  com- 
munity should,  in  like  manner,  guarantee 
the  safety  of  each  individual  on  a  com- 
munistic or  insurance  basis  against  do- 
mestic disorder,  or  invasion  by  a  foreign 
foe. 

Is  the  policy  practically  workable  as 
well  as  theoretically  reasonable?  The 
American  people  will  watch  with  a  good 
deal  of  interest  the  English  experiment 
to  determine  this  point. 

£ 
Dreadnoughts  and  Airships 

AUSTRIA  proposed  to  build  four 
Dreadnoughts.  That  affrighted  Great 
Britain,  for  it  seemed  equivalent  to  add- 
ing so  many  Dreadnoughts  to  the  Ger- 
man navy,  and  would  require  Great  Brit- 
ain to  build  four  additional  and  then  one 
more.  Now  we  have  the  report  of  the 
decision  of  the  Austrian  Government  to 
build  seven  Dreadnoughts,  which  will 
probably  require  Great  Britain  to  add 
nine  to  her  program,  or  give  up  her  rule 
that  her  navy  must  more  than  match  the 
combined  navies  of  any  two  Powers,  ex- 
cepting the  United  States. 

This  burden  is  intolerable,  not  for 
Great  Britain  only,  but  also  for  all  the 
other  nations,  us  included,  that  are  tak- 
ing part  in  this  ruinous  competition.  So 
good  luck  to  the  inventors  of  airships 


that  can  be  employed  for  military  puf- 
poses. 

For  there  is  a  fair  likelihood  that  air- 
ships will  make  war  so  horrible  that  it 
will  cease  to  be  possible.  Let  us  con- 
sider what  military  airships  could  do. 

Remember  that  when  once  perfected 
an  airship  will  be  not  very  expensive. 
For  five  or  ten  thousand  dollars  one 
could  be  equipt  that  would  carry  half  a 
dozen  men,  and  travel  fifty  miles  an 
hour.  A  thousand  could  be  built  for  the 
expense  of  one  Dreadnought.  Now  let 
us  suppose  a  fleet  of  them,  starting  off 
one  night  from  the  French  coast,  150 
miles,  for  London,  or  from  the  English 
coast  for.  Paris,  with  the  purpose  of 
dropping  dynamite  bombs  on  the  city,  or 
on  the  military  camp  of  the  enemy.  It 
would  be  utterly  impossible  to  prevent 
it,  and  it  would  be  perfectly  possible  for 
the  attacking  party  to  escape.  No  de- 
fending fleet  of  airships  could  intercept 
them. 

The  only  relief  would  be  a  "gentle- 
men's agreement,"  a  treaty  of  war,  be- 
tween the  two  nations  at  war,  that  they 
would  not  use  airships  to  drop  explo- 
sives, but  only  for  scouting  purposes. 
Hut  in  war  everything  is  fair,  and  The 
Hague  laws  of  war  are  meant  to  relieve 
the  mere  atrocities"  that  are  of  minor 
concern.  If  airships  could  give  success 
they  would  be  used.  To  drop  an  explo- 
sive from  an  airship  on  a  camp  or  a 
cruiser  is  no  worse  than  to  shoot  a  bomb 
from  a  cannon.  We  are  making  cannon 
bigger  and  battleships  huger  just  so  that 
they  can  do  more  damage,  the  more  dev- 
ilish the  better.  As  the  game  is  being 
played  out  to  its  limit,  we  may  see  the 
time  come  when  that  limit  is  reached, 
and  the  very  excess  of  destructiveness 
will  defeat  its  own  purpose. 

We  do  not  yet  know  what  the  age  of 
aerodromics  will  bring  forth.  Just  as 
the  steamboat  and  the  locomotive  have 
utterly  changed  our  conditions  of  civil- 
ization, so  the  airship  may  create  a  new 
era.  It  may  even  break  down  the  eco- 
nomic line  of  division  between  the  Re- 
publican and  the  Democratic  party  by 
making  it  well  nigh  impossible  to  collect 
tariff  duties  either  for  protection  or  rev- 
enue. At  least  smuggling  would  be 
vastly  easier  and  its  prevention  very  "dif- 


EDITORIAL 


993 


ficult,  except  for  heavy  and  bulky  goods. 
We  presume  the  time  will  come  in  a  very 
few  years  when  any  well-to-do  family 
can  have  its  airship  as  it  now  has  its 
horse  and  carriage  or  its  automobile. 
The  automobile  may  become  as  obsolete 
as  the  old  chaise  and  the  cariole  are  be- 
coming. 

We  move .  fast  in  these  days.  The 
whole  revolution,  which  includes  the 
railroad,  the  telegraph,  the  telephone,  the 
bicycle,  the  automobile,  the  wireless  tele- 
graph, and  now  the  airship,  has  come 
within  the  lifetime  of  a  man  of  seventy. 
This  last  invention  will  have  its  own 
achievements;  and  if  one  of  them  is  the 
suppression  of  war,  and  the  driving  of 
nations  to  arbitration,  it  will  be  the  great- 
est of  all  the  inventions  of  a  century. 
Thus  science,  even  against  its  intention, 
serves  the  ideal  purpose  toward  which 
humanity  blindly  or  consciously  moves. 

j* 
Mohammed  V 

LAST  week  we  were  able  to  record  with 
great  satisfaction  the  end  of  the  counter- 
revolution in  Turkey  and  the  overthrow 
of  Abdul  Hamid.  This  week  we  report 
the  removal  of  Abdul  Hamid  by  force  to 
Salonika,  where  he  will  be  tried  by  court- 
martial  and  probably  condemned  to 
death,  the  crowning  of  his  successor  as 
Mohammed  V,  and  the  end  of  the  massa- 
cres in  the  Cilician  region. 

While  more  than  two  hundred  of  the 
conspirators  who  created  the  counter- 
revolution have  been  executed  summari- 
ly, we  doubt  very  much  if  it  is  the  pur- 
pose to  put  the  late  Sultan  to  death. 
There  are  present  uses  for  him  alive. 

It  is  surprising  that  he  did  not  escape 
while  he  could.  He  had  his  private  yacht 
at  the  dock  behind  his  palace,  and  he 
could  have  fled  to  a  foreign  vessel.  That 
he  did  not  do  it  we  lay  less  to  his  cour- 
age than  to  his  cowardice.  He  could  not 
make  up  his  mind  to  the  effort.  His  long 
habit  of  waiting,  which  has  given  him  the 
reputation  of  astute  political  skill,  failed 
this  time  to  succeed. 

The  deposed  Sultan  is  believed  to  have 
deposited  many  millions  of  wealth  in 
Europe.  Whatever  lands  or  other  pri- 
vate property  he  has  acquired  in  Turkey 
can  be  confiscated  to  the  State,  and  there 


is  said  to  be  much  of  it ;  but  what  is  hid- 
den away  in  Berlin  or  Paris  or  London 
cannot  be  reached.  This  the  present 
Government  wants  and  needs.  He  is  said 
to  have  offered  an  immense  sum  for  the 
privilege  of  his  choice  of  residence.  We 
take  it  that  this  court-martial  and  threat 
of  death  is  meant  as  a  means  .to  squeeze 
his  money  out  of  him  rather  than  his 
blood.  He  will  thus  be  deprived  of  his 
resources  for  financing  another  revolu- 
tion, and  be  practically  imprisoned  for 
the  rest  of  his  life  in  a  comfortable  but 
secure  palace,  where  he  can  grieve  and 
mope  like  Bonaparte  at  Saint  Helena  and 
have  plenty  of  time  allowed  to  review  his 
life  and  repent  of  his  sins.  Meanwhile 
the  wealth  which  he  disgorges  can  be  in 
part  expended  -in  alleviating  the  distresses 
of  those  made  widows  and  orphans  by  the 
massacres  in  the  region  of  Adana. 

And  this  directs  attention  to  the  obli- 
gation of  the  new  Turkish  rulers,  of  Mo- 
hammed V  and  his  advisers,  as  also  of 
the  other  more  civilized  Powers,  to  see  to 
it  that  this  massacre  be  the  last  which  the 
Christian  people  of  Turkey  shall  suffer 
from  the  hands  of  fanatical  Turks.  We 
believe  that  the  Young  Turkish  regime 
has  the  best  will  in  the  world  to  prevent 
the  recurrence  of  these  outrages ;  and  the 
Christian  Powers  also  have  the  right  and 
duty  to  put  pressure  on  the  Porte  to  see 
that  this  is  done.  We  of  the  United 
States  have  under  the  law  of  nations  no 
right  of  interference  in  the  domestic  con- 
cerns of  Turkey ;  but  this  does  not  mean 
that  we  have  no  right  of  protest  and  pres- 
sure. Indeed,  we  have  more  right.  Had 
we  a  naval  force  in  the  neighborhood, 
and  had  a  massacre  occurred  within  reach 
of  our  men  or  our  guns,  we  would  have 
had  the  right  which  the  law  of  mercy 
imposes,  to  interfere  by  way  of  protec- 
tion, just  as  for  a  less  cause  we  have  in- 
terfered in  the  affairs  of  our  neighbors 
nearer  home,  and  as  we  interfered  a  few 
years  ago  in  Peking.  But  in  this  case 
the  nearer  nations  have  the  nearer  duty. 
We  would  have  the  President  make  it 
known  at  Constantinople  that  those  who 
have  instigated  the  late  atrocities  must 
be  punished.  That  is  the  best  insurance 
against  repetition.  The  negligent  vali  at 
Adana,  the  commander  of  the  troops,  and 
those  chiefly  guilty  of  inciting  the  massa- 


THE     INDEPENDENT 


cres  should  be  punished  as  severely  and 
summarily  as  were  those  guilty  at  Con- 
stantinople. 

And  now  what  must  be  done  for  the 
sufferers  left  destitute  by  the  death  of 
their  husbands  and  fathers  and  the  de- 
struction of  all  their  property?  For  the 
present  they  must  be  cared  for  by  char- 
ity. We  in  this  country  have  before  this 
cared  for  many  hundreds  of  Armenian 
orphans.  There  are  two  channels  thru 
which  such  aid  can  be  given,  and  these 
are  one.  They  are  the  International  Red 
Cross  and  the  American  Board  and  its 
allied  agencies,  such  as  the  orphan  relief 
society  under  the  care  of  Miss  Wheeler, 
at  Worcester,  Mass.  But  whatever  the 
agency  receiving  the  money,  those  who 
are  entrusted  to  expend  it  will  be  the 
missionaries  of  the  American  Board  on 
the  field.  There  may  be  jealousies  be- 
tween Armenians  and  Protestants  in 
Turkey,  but  when  danger  comes,  by  the 
thousands  they  all  flock  to  the  missions 
for  protection.  There  they  are  with 
friends  and  feel  safe.  And  there  will  be 
found  the  honest  administration  of  re- 
lief. To  be  sure,  the  Turkish  Govern- 
ment ought  to  assume  this  burden,  but 
it  has  an  empty  treasury  and  no  credit, 
and  its  first  duty  is  to  secure  safety  and 
punish  the  guilty.  If  later  it  can  give 
relief,  that  should  be  entrusted  not  to 
native  agents,  Turkish  or  Armenian,  but 
to  the  Red  Cross,  with  which,  we  believe. 
Turkey  is  officially  allied. 

In  an  article  in  this  issue  of  THE  IN- 
DEPENDENT, President  Washbnrn  gives 
his  hopeful  comments  on  the  late  situa- 
tion. He  anticipates  a  regenerated  Tur- 
key under  Mohammed  V.  With  a  set- 
tled and  progressive  government  there 
may  be  expected  a  phenomenal  change 
in  Turkey.  The  sick  man  of  Europe 
will  be  cured.  The  nations  will  no 
long-er  be  hovering  like  vultures  around 
bis  bed.  readv  to  tear  the  carcase.  Mil- 
lions of  wealth  will  seek  investment.  The 
facilities  of  agriculture,  manufacture 
and  transportation  will  speedily  develop. 
Turkey  mav  well  become  one  of  the 
most  flourishing-  as  it  is  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  and  bv  nature  most  highly 
sifted  of  lands.  Its  history  will  be  be- 
fore it.  and  not  all  behind  it.  The  world 
o-ives  its  welcome  to  Mohammed  V  and 
its  hone  that  with  him  begins  a  new  era 
for  Turkey  and  for  Islam. 


...      It  is  not  at  all  unlikely  that  the 
_f  ntlsh     end  of  the  present  Liberal  Brit- 
ish    Government     is     near     at 
hand.     It  will  fall  not  on  Welsh  dises- 
tablishment,   or    educational    reform,    or 
an  Irish  Parliament,  but  on  the  budget. 
With  the  present  appearance  of  things, 
when  it  appeals  to  the  people  it  will  be 
beaten  and  free  trade  will  go  too.     The 
trouble  is  that  this   Government  is  too 
honest.      It   wants   to   make   its   income 
meet  the  national  expenses,  and  not  pile 
up  a  war  debt  in  time  of  peace.     The 
people  would  have  old-age  pensions,  and 
the  Government  yielded,  and  always  the 
pensions  cost  more  than  was  expected. 
We  have  learnt  that  lesson.     Then  the 
people  will  have  a  procession  of  Dread- 
noughts as  playthings,  and  Dreadnoughts 
are  fearfully  expensive.     These  must  be 
paid    for   in   taxes,   and  taxes   are   pro- 
posed.    But  the  people  don't  want  to  be 
taxed  any  more.     They  don't   want  to 
pay  the  piper.     Mr.  Asquith  gives  them 
their  toys — and  taxes,  very  heavy  taxes 
on  incomes  and  graduated  death  duties. 
To  be  sure,  it  is  the  rich  men  that  will 
pay  the,  taxes,  or  their  estates  will,  but 
that  is  what  they  don't  like.     They  are 
making  a  fearful  noise  about  it  now,  and 
some  of  our  American  papers  evidently 
have  Tory  correspondents  who  make  the 
worst  of  it.     When  Mr.  Balfour  comes 
into  power  again  we  shall  see  the  end 
we  fear,  of  the  great  free  trade  policy 
under  which  Great  Britain  has  been  most 
prosperous   and   has   increased   wonder- 
fully  her   manufactures   and   commerce. 
It  will  not  be  because  Great  Britain  is 
tired  of   free  trade,  but  because  she  is 
tired  of  seeing  her  taxes.    She  will  want 
to  pay   them  unwittingly,  and  the   rich 
men  will  persuade  the  poor  men  that  the 
latter  must  pay  their  share,  and  they  will 
listen   and  obey :   for   Carlyle   says    that 
those   south   of   the    Tweed   are    mostly 
fools.      Then    we   shall   have   the   whole 
world  separated  into  camps  surrounded 
each  by  tariff  walls.     And  each  can  be 
taxed    without    seeing    it.      Will    it    be 
better? 

je 

A  Turn- About      In     l8/5<    a    work    pub- 

of  the  Index      lisne(1   at   Perugia   under 

the  name  of  Carlo  Pao- 

letti,.  advocating  the  cult  of  Mary's  Pure 

Blood,  was  put  upon  the  Index.     It  is  an 

open  secret  that  the  nom  de  plume  is  that 


EDITORIAL 


995 


of  Cardinal  Pecci,  afterward  Leo  XIII 
As  Pope  he  bothered  not  his  head  about 
removing  the  book  from  the  Index.  He 
had  the  works  of  Galileo  and  a  few  more 
taken  off,  but  his  own  remained  and  is 
still  on  the  Index  of  Pius  X,  published  in 
1907.  The  book  was  over-devout.  Jusi 
lately  two  books  of  another  zealot  have 
been  banned.  They  are  the  writings  of 
the  Jesuit  Barbier,  who,  since  the  expul- 
sion of  the  religious  orders,  styles  him- 
self "L'Abbe."  He  is  among  the  most 
devoted  and  prolific  defenders  of  Ultra- 
montanism  in  'France.  He  is  more  papal 
than  the  Pope.  But  he  overshot  the 
mark  in  singling  out  for  his  attacks 
Mons.  Piou,  the  wealthy  founder  of  the 
Action  Liberate  Popjtlairc — a  still-born 
Catholic  party.  It  was  this  gentleman 
who  went  to  Rome  and  persuaded  Pius 
X  and  Cardinal  Del  Val  that  the  Catho- 
lics, under  his  banner,  would  win  in  the 
general  elections  which  followed  the  dis- 
solution after  separation.  He  proved  a 
prophet  lacking  inspiration  and  if  himself 
elected  he  sits  in  the  Chamber  of  Depu- 
ties as  the  representative  of  the  most 
illiterate  department  of  France.  Now 
L'Abbe  Barbier  never  wearies  of  nag- 
ging Piou.  His  first  two  attacks,  "Cos 
de  Conscience'  and  "Rome  et  I  Action 
Liberale  Populaire,"  are  purely  political 
writings,  to  which  Rome  gave  no  heed. 
It  would  not  do  for  the  Index  to  blacklist 
nowadays  French  books  exclusively  po- 
litical. The  Abbe  just  overshot  the  mark 
when  he  wrote  "Le  Progres  du  Liberal- 
ismo  Catholique  en  France  sous  le  Papc 
Leon  XIII"  and  "Les  Democrates  chrc- 
tiens  et  le  Modernismc."  Here  he  ven- 
tured into  fields  partly  historic,  partly  po- 
litical, partly  philosophic;  and  the  Index 
put  both  under  the  ban.  He  is  over- 
orthodox.  Nevertheless,  his  writings  are 
thoro,  well  documented,  and'give  an  en- 
larging inner  view  of  the  ups  and  downs 
of  political  Catholicism  in  France.  "Save 
me  from  my  friends,  and  I  will  take  care 
of  mine  enemies/'  L'Abbe  Barbier  may 
well  exclaim. 

Jt 

There  is  trouble  in  the  Disciple  camp. 
A  pastor  of  distinction  in  Chicago  has 
proved  to  be  a  believer  in  the  higher  crit- 
icism, and  he  does  not  believe  that  every 
word  in  the  Bible  is  historically  true.  He 
is  not  sure  of  Jonah  or  the  Flood,  so 


there  are  those  who  want  to  turn  him 
out.  But  how  can  it  be  done  ?  The  Dis- 
ciples have  grown  to  be  over  a  million 
and  a  quarter  of  communicants,  with  no 
machinery  of  ecclesiastical  courts  and  no 
creed.  They  have  no  standard  but  the 
Bible,  and  no  articles  by  which  to  inter- 
pret it.  Their  very  principles  of  con- 
glomeration which  brought  many  Ish- 
maelite  fragments  of  other  bodies  to- 
gether was  liberty  of  interpretation.  It 
is  a  courageous  principle,  which  allows 
truth  and  error  to  wrestle,  with  no  fear 
that  truth  will  be  worsted  in  the  strug- 
gle. We  presume  that  room  will  be  kept 
for  historical  criticism  and  those  who  ac- 
cept it. 

<* 

Very  curious  is  the  sociological  phe- 
nomenon we  now  see  in  France  of  em- 
ployees of  the  public  service  hi  France 
leaders  in  strikes  against  the  nation  which 
employs  them.  It  raises  serious  ques- 
tions as  to  how  docile  workers  would 
be  in  a  socialistic  state.  Would  we  have 
just  as  many  strikes  if  the  nation  con- 
trolled all  sources  of  production,  and  by 
its  chosen  leaders  assigned  to  each  his 
work  and  his  wages?  Would  they  be 
any  better  satisfied,  or  would  the  strikes 
and  boycotts  be  just  as  bitter  as  they  now 
are,  or  as  the  disturbances  have  been  in 
France,  where  the  cities  were  lately  :n 
darkness  and  the  mails  stayed  undistrib- 
uted ? 

Jl 

The  proposal  of  Mississippi  to  put  the 
name  and  portrait  of  Jefferson  Davis  on 
the  silver  presented  to  the  battleship 
which  bears  the  name  of  the  State  is  not 
only  in  bad  taste,  but  to  do  it  would  be 
an  insult  to  the  officers  who  would  use  it. 
We  may  properly  bury  the  past  and  fra- 
ternize most  amicably,  but  it  is  not  amica- 
ble to  flaunt  secession  in  a  Union  ship  of 
war.  Such  a  service  should  not  be  ac- 
cepted. 

# 

Sabotage  is  one  of  those  new  foreign 
words  that  have  not  yet  got  into  the  dic- 
tionaries. It  is  the  reverse  of  the  strike ; 
it  is  staying  in  and  injuring  the  product 
or  the  machinery.  The  last  French  ex- 
ample is  that  of  the  postal  clerks,  who 
have  sent  to  Tokyo  the  personal  mail  of 
their  hated  M.  Simyan,  Under-Secretary 
of  Posts. 


FINANCIAL 


The  New  Rock  Island  President 

RICH  A  KM  A.  JACKSON  has  been  elected 
president  of  the  Rock  Island  Company, 
the  corporation  which  controls  the  roads 
of  the  Rock  Island  railway  system,  to 
succeed  Robert  Mather,  who  recently  re- 
tired from  this  office  to  become  chairman 
of  the  board  of  the  Westinghouse  Elec- 
tric and  Manufacturing  Company.  Mr. 
Jackson  is  fifty 
years  old,  and  was 
lx)rn  at  Richmond, 
Ind.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  the  Rich- 
m  o  n  d  public 
schools,  at  Earl- 
liam  College,  and 
at  the  '  University 
of  Virginia,  hav- 
ing been  gradu- 
ated at  this  uni- 
versity in  1879, 
with  the  degree 
of  LL.  B.  For 
several  years  he 
was  prosecuting 
attorney  of 
Wayne  County, 
Ind.  In  1902  he 
became  connected 
with  the  Rock 
Island  system,  and 
since  1904  he  has 
been  general  solic- 
itor and  first  vice- 
president  of  the 
Chicago,  Rock 
Island  &  Pacific 
Railway  Company, 
having  succeeded 
Mr.  Mather  in 
those  offices,  as  he 

now  succeeds  him  in  the  presidency  of 
the  controlling  corporation. 

pH 
Trade  and  Industry 

SIGNS  of  improvement  were  seen  last 
week  in  the  condition  of  the  steel  trade. 
Prices  are  now  turning  upward.  On  the 
27th,  the  Corporation  added  $i  per  ton 
to  its  prices  for  bars,  plates,  and  struc- 
tural shapes.  On  the  28th  the  most  pow- 
erful of  its  competitors  followed  suit.  In 
both  cases  this  action  was  due  to  large 
orders.  This  is  the  first  upward  move- 


K I  CHARM  A.  JACKSON 


ment  in  the  steel  trade  since  an  open 
market  was  declared,  with  a  sharp  cut- 
ting (|f  prices, -in  the  middle  "t  I'rhni- 
arv.  The  Curp«»;  ulimi's  report  (pub- 
lished on  the  27th)  for  the  March  quar- 
ter was  much  better  than  had  been  ex- 
pected. Net  earnings  ($22,921,000)  were 
below  those  of  the  preceding  quarter, 
of  course,  but  wer^  still  much  above  tho^e 
of  the  first  and  second  quarters  of  1908. 
and  steady  prog- 
re  s  s  by  months 
was  shown,  altho 
the  open  market 
was  declared  i  n 
the  middle  of  the 
quarter.  Mar  c  h 
earnings  exceeded 
those  of  February 
by  $320,000,  de- 
spite the  cutting. 
An  impression  pre- 
vails that  in  this 
important  imlustry 
the  corner  has 
been  turned.  Re- 
c  e  n  t  imports  of 
crude  materials 
for  manufacturers 
have  been  very 
large.  Postal  re- 
ceipts for  March 
in  fifty  large  cities 
exceeded  those  of 
March  a  year  ago 
by  141^  per  cent. 
Capital  incorpora- 
tions for  April 
were  $181,000,000. 
against  $105,000,- 
ooo  in  March.  Se- 
vere and  unseason- 
able weather  has 

delayed  seeding  and  restrained  retail 
trade,  but  the  prevailing  sentiment  is 
optimistic,  and  marked  improvement 
after  settlement  of  the  tariff  controversy 
is  generally  expected. 
Jl 

.  .  .  .The  Merchants'  National  Bank, 
whose  capital  stock  is  $2,000,000,  now 
has  a  surplus  and  undivided  profits 
amounting  to  $1,665,181,  an  increase 
since  February  5th  of  $76,997.  The  de- 
posits, which  on  February  5th  were 
$26,921,070,  are  now  $31,060,587,^11  in- 
crease of  $4,139,517. 


THE    INDEPENDENT 


MAKE    YOUR^BEDJ 


orv  arv 


easy 

and  sleep- 
tempting  mat- 
tress.   We  have  been  making 
mattresses  for  over  50  years  and  the 
result    of    our   experience    is    given    in    our 
handsome  i44_-page  book,  "The  Test  of   Time" 
— mailed   free.      Send   for  it  and  learn  all- about  the 


Ostermoor 

Mattress 


of  an  Ostermoor  dealer  or  by  express, 
prepaid,  when   no  dealer  can  supply 


Compressing:  the  Ostermoor 

sheets 

by  hand 


m  .1   i  I  «  i 


It  is  easy  for  you  to  get  the  genuine. 

We  ship  you  a  full  size  mattress,  4  ft.  6  in.  wide, 
6  ft.  3  in.  long,  weight  45  Ibs.,  direct  by  express  pre- 
paid, same  day  your  check  for  $15  is  received  by  us. 
Made  in  two  parts,  50  cents  extra.  Smaller  sizes, 
smaller  prices.  Beware  of  imitations.  The  Ostermoor 
label  is  sewn  on  end  of  the  genuine.  See  that  it  is  there. 
OSTERMOOR  &  CO.,  106  Elizabeth  Street,  New  York 

Canada :  Alaska  Feather  and  Down  Co. ,  Ltd. ,  Montreal. 


CAREFUL  and  THOROUGH 
INVESTIGATION 


c 

H 
U 
R 
C 
H 


of  the  AUSTIN  ORGAN  will 
reveal  the  fact  that  it  is  an  in- 
strument of  the  finest  possible 
type. 

We  have  placed  organs  in 
over  Two  Hundred  and  Fifty 
Churches,  Concert  Halls  and 
Other  Notable  Buildings 
throughout  the  country,  and  we 
gladly  refer  any  prospective  pur- 
chasers to  these  organs  as  to  the 
satisfaction  they  are  giving. 

Our  descriptive  book  "M.," 
fully  explaining  the  advantages 
of  our  Universal  Air  Chest  sys- 
tem, sent  on  request. 


0 
R 
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AUSTIN  ORGAN  COMPANY 

HARTFORD      :      CONNECTICUT 


FUR  STORAGE 

C.  G.  GUNTHER'S  SONS 

Furs  and  Fur -lined  Garments,  Rugs, 
Robes,  etc.,  received  for  storage  and  in- 
sured against  loss  or  damage  by  Moth, 
Fire  or  Theft. 

Articles  stored  with  us  receive  the 
same  care  and  attention  as  our  own 
goods. 

Charges  for  alterations  and  repairs 
made  during  the  summer  are  materially 
lower  than  at  other  times. 

184  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York 

Eighty -eight  years'  experience  in  the  care 
of  furs 

Telephone,  Gramercy  3260 


XV111 


THE     INDEPENDENT 


READING  NOTICES 


GENUINE  MENNEN'S  BORATED  TALCUM  TOILET 
POWDER 

Mennen's  Berated  Talcum    Powder   lays  claim   to  being 
the   most  perfect  powder  on   the  market  both  in   mater 
and   method  of   manufacture.      It   is  tne   oldest  of   Talcum 
Powders    put    up    for    general    use     and    has    established 
itself  on  its  merits  in  every  quarter  of  the  civilized  world. 

The   woman   who   buys   Mennen's   for   toilet   use   or   any 
other    purpose    may   rest    assured    that    she    is    getting    t 
nurest   and   most  perfect  powder  that  chemical   knowledge 
can    originate    or    skill    manufacture. 

There  is  a  difference  in  Mennen's  and  those  who  nave 
once  used  it  are  quick  to  appreciate  that  this  difference 
is  a  difference  of  superiority  which  is  easily  perceived  m 
comparison  with  any  other  powder. 

Some  people  may  say:  The  same  ingredients  are  open 
to  everybody,  why  can't  others  get  the  same  results  and 
produce  a  perfect  powder? 

Ask  the  woman  who  is  famous  for  her  cake  why  Mrs. 
Brown  working  from  the  same  recipe  can't  produce  lh<;- 
same  article.  She  has  the  same  ii.gredients,  the  same  di- 
rections for  making  and  yet  she  cen't  make  good  cake. 
It  is  this  knack,  this  touch  of  skill  and  genius  which 
makes  the  difference  betweefi  all  original  productions  and 
imitations.  It  is  this  same  genius  which  makes  Mennen  s 
original  Talcum  Powder  superior  to  every  other. — Adv. 

CASUALTY   COMPANY   OF  AMERICA 

Owing  to  the  resignation  of  Andrew  Freedman,  Lyman 
A.  Spalding  was  last  week  elected  chairman  of  the  board 
and  general  counsel  of  the  Casualty  Company  of  Amer- 
ica. Edwin  W.  DeLeon,  first  vice-president  and^  general 
manager,  was  elected  president  to  succeed  Mr.  Spalding. 
Edward  L.  Hearn,  second  vice-president,  was  elected 
vice-president  and  general  manager  to  succeed  Mr.  De- 
Leon  John  E.  Connelly  was  elected  treasurer  and 
Nicholas  W.  Muller,  secretary.  The  Casualty  Company 
of  America  has  received  in  premiums  since  organization 
$6,617,545.12.  The  losses  paid  since  organization  are 
$2,389,668.97.  The  capital  and  surplus  of  the  company 
is  $761,313.26  and  the  total  assets  $1,846,643.49.  The 
Audit  Company  of  New  York,  of  which  E.  T.  Ferine  is 
president  and  F.  C.  Richardson,  secretary,  has  audited 
the  accounts  of  the  Casualty  Company  of  America. 

THE  JOYS  OF  WALKING. 

There  is  something  very  attractive  about  a  bird  flying 
thru  the  air.  He  does  it  so  easily  and  so  capriciously, 
and  yet  he  keeps  himself  withal  under  such  perfect  con- 
trol. Something  approaching  bird  flying  lies  in  the  wear- 
ing of  the  O'Sullivan  Heels  of  Live  Rubber.  They  im- 
part a  springiness  to  the  step  that  is  somewhat  analogous 
to  flying.  Those  who  have  never  tried  the  O'Sullivan 
Rubber  Heels  can  have  no  adequate  idea  of  the  ease  im- 
parted by  them  to  the  act  of  walking.  Shoes  with  these 
rubber  heels  on  them  look  just  the  same  as  ordinary  shoes, 
but  the  effect  is  very  different.  If  you  have  never 
tried  the  O'Sullivan  Heels,  suppose  you  have  a  pair  ap- 
plied to  your  walking  shoes,  and  note  the  result.  One 
trial  will  convince  you  of  their  delightful  quality.  Your 
snoemaker  can  supply  them,  but  be  sure  he  does  not  give 
you  something  "Just  as  good." 


A  "NATIONAL  PIN-MONEY  LEAGUE" 

Has  been  formed  by  prominent  business  women  in  New- 
York  City.  The  object  of  the  league  is  to  offer  sugges- 
tions and  to  render  practical  assistance  to  every  one 
wishing  to  earn  money  at  home.  Send  us  10  cents,  al-o 
your  name  and  address  in  full  and  we  will  send  you  at 
once  over  80  suggestions  for  home  work  of  all  kinds, 
any  one  of  which,  if  carefully  carried  out,  will  give  you 
an  assured  income  of  from  $5  to  $50  a  week.  No 
canvassing;  unquestionable  references  furnished.  Address 
the  secretary  of  the  National  Pin-Money  League,  Dept.  9, 
Bloomfield,  N.  J. 


COUNTRY  ESTATES 

Did  you  ever  dream  about  owning  your  own  home  out 
in  the  country  somewhere?  Almost  everybody  has  done 
just  this.  If  you  are  one  of  those  who  are  interested  in 
the  country-home  idea,  in  a  farm  or  in  village  property, 
you  will  be  interested  in  the  booklet,  entitled  "Country 
Estates."  as  issued  by  Moore  &  Wyckoff,  546  Fifth  ave- 
nue, New  York  City.  Fiom  this  book  you  get  an  idea 
of  the  place  that  a  subsequent  visit  may  convince  you  is 
just  what  you  have  been  looking  for  all  these  years. 


THE  RED  CROSS  LINE  TOURS 

The  fleet  of  the  Red  Cross  Line,  with  weekly  sailings 
between  the  port  of  New  York,  Halifax,  N.  S.,  and  St. 
John's,  N.  F.,  via  Long  Island  and  Vineyard  Sounds, 
affords  coastwise  travelers  with  i-n  excellent  travel  mc'li 
urn.  "Florizel"  is  a  new  3,500-1011  steamer  that  will  1>< 
available  during  the  present  season  for  the  first  time. 
Halifax,  belonging  to  the  British  Empire,  is  a  gay  city. 
Nova  Scotia  is  constantly  growing  in  favor  as  a  HI  miner 
resort.  The  picturesque  St.  John's  and  quaint  New- 
foundland may  each  be  made  a  destination  for  those  who 
seek  recreation  by  means  of  nearby  sea  travel.  The 
Red  Cross  Line  has  an  ideal  summer  and  autumn  cruise 
of  twelve  days  the  round  trip.  If  interested  write  for 
further  details  to  Buwring  &  Co.,  general  agents,  17  State 
street,  New  York  City. 

THE  NATIONAL  RESERVE  BANK 

The  National  Reserve  Bank,  whose  capital  is  $1,200,000 
and  surplus,  $600,000,  have  moved  to  the  City  Investing 
Building,  165  Broadway,  and  have  large  quarters  on  the 
first  floor.  The  officers  of  the  hank  are  as  follow.-: 
William  O.  Allison,  president;  Erskine  Hewitt,  chairman 
of  board;  R.  \V.  Jones,  Jr.,  vice-president;  T.  .1.  Lewis 
vice-president;  (iebrge  \V.  Adams,  cashier,  and  K.  I'.. 
Minis,  assistant  cashier. 


HOTEL  MARTHA  WASHINGTON 

The  Hotel  Martha  Washington,  at  No.  29  East  Twenty- 
ninth  street,  New  York,  is  a  hotel  devoted  to  the  use  of 
women.  A  woman  traveling  unattended  finds  a  welcome 
here  that  equals  the  welcome  given  to  a  man  who  regis- 
ters at  any  of  the  regular  hotels.  The  "Martha,"  as  it 
is  affectionately  called  by  its  regular  patrons,  is  almost 
a  woman's  dub.  The  guests  sit  in  the  lobby  and  watch 
the  coming  and  going.  They  see  their  happy  sisters 
leave  for  various  places  of  amusements  convoyed  by 
their  escorts  of  the  other  sex,  whose  presence  in  the 
hotel  for  such  purposes  is  ever  welcome.  The  Martha 
Washington  is  not  like  other  hotels.  It  has  an  indi- 
viduality all  its  own.  In  the  summer  time  it  also  has  a 
roof  garden 

DIVIDENDS  ANNOUNCED 

Lord  &  Taylor,  quarterly,  common,  2  per 
cent.,  payable  May  1st,  1909. 

United  States  Realty  &  Improvement  Co.,  I 
per  cent.,  payable  May  ist,  1909. 

The  Nassau  Bank,  semi-annual,  4  per  cent., 
payable  May  ist,  1909. 

Pacific  Bank,  quarterly,  2  per  cent.,  payable 
May  ist,  1909. 

General  Chemical  Co.,  common,  I  per  cent., 
payable  June  ist,  1909. 

I  nited  States  Leather  Co.,  coupons  of  De- 
bt-mare Bonds,  payable  on  and  after  May  ist, 
1900. 


[FIRE] 


STATEMENT    JANUARY    1.  19O9 

CAPITAL 


$I,5OO,OOO 

RESERVED    FOR  ALL  OTHER  LIABILITIES 

7,829,724 

NET   SURPLUS 

5,467,353 

ASSETS 

14,797,077 


THE     INDEPENDENT 


xix 


The   Best  Way  to 
the  Best  Place 

It's    the    vacation    way 
to   vacation   land. 


—with  stenographer,  maid,  barber  and 
valet  —  is  only  one  of  several  splendid 
trains  which  leave  Chicago,  St.  Louis, 
Kansas  City,  Memphis  and  Birming- 
ham e'very  day  for  Colorado  Springs 
and  Denver  over  the 


One  night  from  Chicago  or  St. 
Louis ;  two  nights  from  New 
York,!  Boston  or  Philadelphia 

Just  aiT evening  at  the  Club  -  for  that's  what 
il's  like — refreshing  sleep  in  a  sweet,  roomy 
berth,  and  you  are  breathing  the  glorious  mile- 
high  Colorado  air. 

Very'low  excursion  fares  all  summer 

Send  without  delay  for  our  eighty-page 
illustrated  Colorado  book  and  Yellowstone 
Park-Alaska-Yukon-Pacific  folder.  Free  on 
request  and  worthy  of  a  place  in  any 
library. 

JOHN  SEBASTlAN.TassengerTraffic  Manager 
4  La  Salle  Street  Station,       -       -       Chicago,  111. 


OLD  SOAKERS 

Get  Saturated  With  Caffeine. 

When  a  person  has  used  coffee  for  a  number  of 
years  and  gradually  declined  in  health,  it  is  time 
the  coffee  should  be  left  off  in  order  to  see 
whether  or  not  that  has  been  the  cause  of  the 
trouble. 

A  lady  in  Huntsville,  Ala.,  says  she  used  coffee 
for  about  40  years,  and  for  the  past  20  years  was 
troubled  with  stomach  trouble. 

"I  have  been  treated  by  many  physicians,  but 
all  in  vain.  Everything  failed  to  perfect  a  cure. 
I  was  prostrated  for  some  time,  and  came  near 
dying.  When  I  recovered  sufficiently  to  partake 
of  food  and  drink  I  tried  coffee  again  and  it 
soured  on  my  stomach. 

"I  finally  concluded  coffee  was  the  cause  of  my 
troubles  and  stopped  using  it.  I  tried  tea  and 
then  milk  in  its  place,  but  neither  agreed  with  me, 
then  I  commenced  using  Postum.  I  had  it  prop- 
erly made  and  it  was  very  pleasing  to  the  taste. 

"I  have  now  used  it  four  months,  and  my 
health  is  so  greatly  improved  that  I  can  eat 
almost  anything  I  want  and  can  sleep  well,  where- 
as, before,  I  suffered  for  years  with  insomnia. 

"I  have  found  the  cause  of  my  troubles  and  a 
way  to  get  rid  ol  them.  You  can  depend  upon  it 
I  appreciate  Postum." 

"There's  a  Reason."  Read  "The  Road  to  Well- 
ville,"  in  pkgs. 

Ever  read  the  above  letter?  A  new 
one  appears  from  time  to  time.  They 
are  genuine,  true,  and  full  of  human 
interest. 


BECAUSE 

every  man  or  woman  who  selects 
a  pair  of  shoes  or  slippers  in  which 
the  elastic  side  panels  are  made  from 

HUB  GORE  FABRIC 

has  our  standing  guarantee  that  it  will 
outwear  the  shoe  or  slipper,  or  we  will 
put  in  new  goring  free  of  charge. 

Look  for  the  little  heart  trademark 
on  the  gore  in  both  sides  of  the  shoe. 

.Write  to-day  for  our  guarantee  certif- 
icate. 

HUB  GORE  MAKERS 
Boston,  Mass. 


XX 


THE     INDEPENDENT 


ESTABLISHED  1860 


Home  Life  Insurance  Company 


GEO.  E.   IDE,  President. 


256  BROADWAY,  NEW  YORK. 


"Under 
the 

Search- 
Light" 


Clean  as  a  Hound's  Tooth.— Brooklyn  Eagle. 

Communicate  with  the  Home  Office  or  the  nearest  agent. 


10  DAYS  FREE  TRIAL 

We  Ship  on  approval,  without  a  cent 
deposit,  freight  prepaid.     DON'T 

PAY  A  CENT  if  you  are  not  utUfied 

after  uiing  th<>  bicycle  10  day*. 

DO  NOT  Wt$£S!!ZtSS> 

at  any  price  until  you  receive  our  late*t 
art  catalogs  illustrating  ever?  kind  of 
bicycle,  and  have  learned  our  unheard  of 
prices  and  mari-elous  new  offers. 

fiFIIT  '•  »n  >* win  <»•*  TOU  to 

Vkn  I  write  a  postal  and  every- 
thing will  be  lent  you  free  postpaid  by 
return  mail.    You  will  get  rnuch  valuable  in- 
formation. Do  not  wait,  write  it  now. 
TIKES,  Coaster-Brakes,  Built- 
np-'Wheeli  and  all  lundries  at  half  usual  prices. 

MEAD  CYCLE  GO.  Oept  D293,  CHICAGO 
REMINGTON 

One   machine  only 

in    new   localities   to   secure   desirable   agent. 
Special  agents'  prices  supplied  on  all  makes 
of    typewriters. 
Standard  Typewriter  Exchange,  23  Park  Row,  New  York 


$100 


$18.75 


The  Best  of  All 

Of  all  the  schemes  which  prudence  and  foresight  have 
devised  to  make  certain  that  the  material  things  which 
men  have  gathered  during  their  life  time  shall  be  pre- 
served for  the  use  of  their  families  after  their  death, 
nothing  approaches  sound  life  insurance,  and  in  all  life 
insurance  nothing  can  excel  the  policies  of  the  METRO- 
POLITAN LIFE  INSURANCE  COMPANY,  which 
surely  and  to  the  very  uttermost  provide  for  the  preserva- 
tion of  the  home.  Metropolitan  policies  absolutely  and 
unequivocally  guarantee  every  undertaking  on  the  part  of 
the  company;  they  tell  their  whole  story  on  their  face, 
leave  nothing  to  the  imagination,  borrow  nothing  from 
hope.  In  a  word,  they  require  definite  conditions  and 
make  definite  promises  in  dollars  and  cents. 


AFTER  SHAVING          | 

ONDS 


I  Relieves  Irritation 

Prevents  Inflammation 

Assures  Comfort 

IB  USED  BY  MEN  OF  DISCRIMINATION  EVERYWHERE 

Write    for  interesting  book.    Shaving   Essentials 

— mailed    free    on    request. 
LAMONT,  CORLISS  *  CO.,  Sole  Agents,  New  York 


EXTRACT 


THE    INDEPENDENT 


The  Selection  of  Silver 

When  purchasing  table  silver — knives,  forks, 
spoons  and  fancy  serving  pieces — it  is  advisable  to 
choose  a  pattern  you  know  will  be  continued  for 
years  to  come.  Thus  the  collection  of  an  attractive 
design  may  be  started  in  a  small  way  and  added  to 
from  time  to  time.  The  popular  styles  of  the  famous 


tfr 


ware  are  maintained  in  complete  assortment  so  that 
additions  may  be  made  at  the  collector's  pleasure. 
For  over  sixty  years  "  1847  ROGERS  BROS."  silver 
has  been  standard  in  quality,  durability  and  design. 
Each  year  since  the  original  Rogers  Bros,  invented 
the  electro-plating  process  has  increased  the  fame  of 
this  exquisite  "Siber  Plate  that  Wears." 

Sold   by   best   dealers  everywhere.     Send  for 
Catalogue  "E-79,"  which  describes  all  patterns. 

MERIDEN  BRITANNIA  CO.,  Meriden,  Conn., 

(International  Silver  Co.,  Successor.) 

NEW  YORK  CHICAGO.  SAN  FRANCISCO 

Meriden  Silver  Polish^  the  "Silver  Polish  that  Cleans" 


Simply  Economy 
Msed  on  Intelligence 

FtARLINE  contains  the  Cor- 
rect Amount  of  Soap  in  Combina- 
tion with  Safe,  Scientific  Detergents 
and  is  Superior  to,  and  more  Eco- 
nomical than  Powders  which  are 


.MA  HUNDRED 

p  Powder  or  Washing  Powder  of 
„_.  when   PEARLINE  was   Discov- 
and  Introduced   by  James    Pyle  thirty 
)  years  ago — no  wonder   to  thos< 
11  the  sort  made  at  that  time. 
iNETY    WOMEN    IN    EVERY 
HUNDRED 

las  proved  by  a  car^n 
year    1 908)   now  use 
'  ishing  Powder  of  some 
d— Bad  or  Indifferent, 
hose  who  Insist  on  having  the  Best- 
who  have  the   Finer— more   D 
which  they   cannot  subject 
Cheap  Powders— those  writ 


THE    INDEPENDENT 


Sanitary  Floors 

Stores  in  which  foods  are  sold — stores  in  which 
merchandise  of  any  kind  is  sold — schools,  offices  and 
public   buildings,   should  all    have    sanitary    floors. 
Dusty  floors  are   dangerous — a   positive   menace   to 
health,  for  tramping  feet  set  the  dust  particles  and 
germs  circulating  through  the  air,  thus  increasing 
the  chances  of  dust  poisoning  and  resultant  diseases. 

Floors  can  be  made  perfectly  sanitary  by  treat- 
ing them  three  or  four  times  a  year  with 

STANDARD 

Floor  Dressing 

Tests  have   proved  that  Standard  Floor 
Dressing   reduces   dust  nearly   one  hundred 
per  cent.     It  also  keeps  the  air  clean  and 
fresh,  preserves  the  floors  and  saves  labor. 

Sold  everywhere  in  barrels  and  cans  of 
varying  sizes. 

Not  intended  for  household  use. 

We  will  prorevthe  wonderful  efficiency  of  Standard 
Floor  Dressing  AT  OUR  OWN  EXPENSE.  On  request  we 
will  treat  part  of  one  store,  schoolroom  or  corridor 
floor,  free  of  charge. 

To  localities  far  removed  from  our  agencies,  we  will 
send  free  sample  with  full  directions  for  applying. 

Ask/or  our  free  booklet  "Dust  <iml  Its  Dangers." 

STANDARD  OIL-jCOMPANY 
(Incorporated  • 


DRESSING 


Iron  Railings,  Wire  Fences  and  Entrance 
Gates  of  all  designs  and  for  all  purposes 
CORRESPONDENCE  SOLICITED  :  CATALOGUES  FURNISHED 


Tennis  Court  Enclosures,  Unclimbable  Wire 
Mesh  and  Spiral  Netting  (Chain  Link). 
Fences  for  Estate  Boundaries,  Industrial 
Properties,  etc. 

F.  E.  CARPENTER  CO., 


253    BROADWAY 
HEW  YORK  CITY 


WHEEL  CHAIRS 


A  Wheel  Chair  is  often  an 
invalid's  greatest  comfort.  We 
offer  over  75  styles  of  these 
easy,  self -propelling  and  Invalid's  Rolling  Chairs, 
with  latest  improvements.  Ship  direct  from 
factory  to  you,  freight  prepaid,  and  sell 
on  THIRTY  DAYS'  TRIAL 

Liberal  Discounts  to   all  sending  for  free 
Catalogue  NOW. 

GORDON  MFG.  CO. 

418  Madison  Ave.,  Toledo,  O. 


f*  f\  nfl  an^  upwards. 
foil  UU  Complete  in 
every  detail, 

all  ready  to  install  in 

your  boat. 

Made  in  the  largest  and 
most  up-to-date  plfnt  in 
the  world  deyot.-d?r<  '-isively 
to  the  manufacture  of  2-cycle 
marine  motors. 

1 .  5  and  3  cylinder. 

Write  for  story  of  lioic  these 
motors  are  made  and  catalog. 

GRAY  MOTOR  CO.    S9  Lieb  St.,  Detroit,  Mich. 


High  Grade  Heating  and  Cooking  Apparatus 

THATCHER  FURNACE  CO.,     110-116  Beekman  Street,  New  York 

SEND       FOR       CATALOGUE 


HARTSHORN  SHADE  ROLLERS 


Wood  Rollers 


Tin  Rollers 


Bear  the  script  name  of 
Stewart  Hartshorn  on  label 

for  your  protection. 
Get  "Improved,"  no  tacks  required. 


THE    INDEPENDENT 


Eke  TIKE 
IMF  LASTS 


THEY  RIDE  EASIER 
THEY  SAVE  YOUR  CAR 
THEY  LAST  LONGER 

Motorists  are  awakening  to  the  fact  that  REAL 
QUALITY  in  an  automobile  tire  means  more  than 
long  life. 

It  means  added  resiliency,  saving  in  wear  and 
tear  on  your  car,  and  increased  comfort  and  satis- 
faction in  driving. 

The  old  experienced  driver  has  long  known  that 
HARTFORD  TIRES  are  to  be  preferred  from 
every  standpoint  of  economy,  satisfaction  and  com- 
fort. 

Hartford  Tires 

"The  Tires  That  Last" 

are   pre-eminently  the   quality  tires  of  the   world, 
fast  arid  resilient  and  long  lived. 

They  are  constructed  of  the  very  best  materials 
only,  by  advanced  methods  and  machinery  (wide- 
ly copied) —in  the  oldest  exclusive  tire  factory  in 
this  country,  by  workmen  skilled  through  years  of 
training  with  us. 

Our  watchword  is  "Keep  the  Quality  Up." 

Insist  on  HARTFORD  TIRES. 

Do  not  accept  the  "just  as  good"  kind. 

THE  HARTFORD  RUBBER  WORKS  COMPANY,  Hartford,  Conn. 


"SgSS.  cs°i:  BST&fJSSSn  L^ot^tf 

P,     o*n  «    Main  st      LOS  Angefes,   Cal.;  542  Golden   Gate  \ve,  San  Franco"  CaT; 
Co.,   Portland,  Ore.;  Compania  Mexicana  de  Vehiculos    Electricos,    City    of 


F.    P. 

Mexico. 


XXIV 


THE    INDEPENDENT 


YOUR  FIGURE 

yields  itself  to 
the  persuasive  lines 
of  these  ideal  mod- 
els the  moment  they 
are  fitted. 

BON  TON 

corsets  emphasize 
the  beautiful  lines- 
screening  any  faults 
there  may  be-and 
impart  to  the  con- 
tour irresistible 
charm  and  grace. 

AT  ALL  DEALERS 

*3  To*12 

ROYAL  WORCESTER  CORSET  CO. 

WORCESTER.  MASS. 


HIKERS  ALSO  OF 


ROYAL  WORCESTER 

CORSETS  n  TO  *J 

AND  ADJUSTO   CORSETS 
'3  AND  '5 


SEND   FOR    THE 
1909  ROYAL  BLUE  BOOK 


CHARMING 

BON  TON 

MODEL 


THE   INDEPENDENT 


XXV 


I 


I   Gillette  Safety  Razor 

m.    T  w-^.  «  •  ^      « 


New  Pocket  Edition 


HERE  is  news  in- 
deed—for the 
two  million  men  who 
shave  themselves  every 
morning  with  the 
Gillette  Safety  Razor. 

Our  first  announcement  of  the  latest 
GILLETTE  achievement— tfte  New  Pocket 
Edition— the  GILLETTE  Safety  Razor  in 
such  compact  form  that  it  can  be  carried 
like  a  card  case  in  the  waistcoat  pocket, 
or  slipped  into  the  side  of  a  traveling 
bag. 

Same  size  blade  as  before,  same  prin- 
ciple ;  but  neater,  more  workmanlike, 
the  most  perfect  shaving  Implement  in 
the  world  -  as  compact  and  as  beautifully 


finished  as  a  piece  of  jewelry — and  the 
blades  are  fine. 

If  you  are  a  GILLETTE  user  call  on 
some  progressive  dealer  at  once  and  ex- 
amine this  new  razor. 

If  you  have  never  used  the  GILLETTE 
now  is  the  time  to  get  acquainted. 

You  can  shave  yourself  in  from  two  to 
five  minutes  with  the  GILLETTE — a  clean, 
satisfying  shave.  No  stropping,  no  honing. 

The  pocket-case  is  of  gold,  silver  or  gun 
metal.  Plain  polished  or  richly  engraved 
in  floral  and  Empire  desigrs.  Inside  the 
pocket-case  are  handle  and  blade  box — 
triple  silver-plated  or  14K.  gold  plated. 
Prices,  $5.00  to  $7.50,  on  sale  every- 
where. 

You  should  know  GILLETTE  Shaving 
Brush— a  new  brush  of  GILLETTE  quality 
— bristles  gripped  in  hard  rubber;  and 
GILLETTE  Shaving  Stick — a  shaving  soap 
worthy  of  the  GILLETTE  Safety  Razor. 


GILLETTE  SALES  CO. 


Caiia  'ian  Office 

63  St.  Alexander  St. 

Mcntteal 


614  Kimball  Building,  Boston 
Boston,    Montreal,    London,    Berlin,    Paris 


New   York,  Times  Bldg. 
Chicago,  Stock  Exchange  Bldg. 


XXVI 


THE     INDEPENDENT 


PAPE'S 

22      GRAIN    TR1ANCULES     OF 


DIAPEPSIN 


FOR  INDIGESTION 

Registered    in    U.  S.  Pat.  Office 


Eat  your  favorite 
food  without  fear 


FORMULA. 
Each  22  Gr. 

contains 

Pepsin — Pure  Aseptic 

Papain 

Diastase 

Calcium  Carbon  Precip. 

Cascara  Sagrada 

Powd.  Ginger 

Powd    Cardamon 

•Sugar  q.  *. 

Oil  Canada  Snake  Root. 


Relieves  Indigestion,  Dyspepsia  and  all 
distress  from  an  out-of-order  stomach 

Large  50c  cases  —  any  drug  store 

PAPE,  THOMPSON  &  PAPE,  Cincinnati,  O.,  U.  S.  A.  and  Windsor,  Ont.,  Canada 


MAPLEWOOD  HACKNEY  STUD 


PROPERTY  OF 

FREDERICK  C.  STEVENS 


ATTICA, 


Y. 


A 


NYTHING   you   want 
the   line    of    HIGH 


in 


CLASS  CARRIAGE 
HORSES,  ready  for  use,  can 
always  be  found  at  the  above 
establishment.  All  animals 
bred,  raised  and  trained  at 
Maplewood.  Registered 
Hackneys  for  foundation  stock 
always  on  hand. 

Send    for    illustrated   catalogue 

ADDRESS 

E.  T.   GAY,    Manager 

ATTICA,     N.     Y. 


THE     INDEPENDENT 


XXVll 


MUNICIPAL  BONDS 

of  the  MIDDLE    WEST 

are  preferred  by  many  investors  to  Eastern  securities  not  only  for  the  higher  average  returns 
yielded   by  them,  but  because   Western  communities  are  growing  more  rapidly  in  wealth. 

We  Own  and  Offer  $2,OOO,OOO 

of  such  investments  carefully  selected   to   meet   the   most   exacting   requirements   of    Insurance 
Companies,  Fraternal  Orders,  Banks  and  Individuals.     Such  Bonds  are 

Payable  from  Taxation 

and   the  payment  of  principal  and  interest  enforced  by  the  machinery  of  the  government. 

Municipal  Bonds  are  recognized  by  the  United  States,  by  legislation  in  the  various  States 
and  by  conservative  investors  of  all  kinds  as  the  perfect  investment  for  those  who  place  Safety 
of  Principal,  Assurance  of  Income  and  Stability  of  Value  before  Speculative  Possibilities. 

We  have  clients  in  35  States  and  have  been  dealing  in  Tax  Bonds  for  twenty  years,  dur- 
ing which  time  we  have  had  no  defaults  in  Principal  or  Interest. 

Let   us   sent  you   our   list  of  especially  desirable  offerings. 

Address  Department  N. 

WILLIAM  R.  COMFnrON  COMRAIMY 


JVlerciiants-Laclede 


St.  Louis,  Mo. 


THE  MERCHANTS  NATIONAL  BANK 


PROVIDENCE.  R.  I. 


Capital, 

Surplus  Earnings, 


$1,000,000.00 
700,000.00 


M.    J.    BARBER,    Cashier. 

This  bank  will  recoivp  direct  from  banks,  manufacturers 
and  mercantile  firms,  checks  and  time  Items  drawn  on 
Providence,  and  remit  upon  payment  in  New  York  ex- 
inge  at  a  reasonable  rate. 


ESTABLISHED    1836 


KEMISK  WAREMIS 

Cutlery,    Cooking    Utensils,    Crockery,    Chtaa    and 

Glass,    Fire  Sets,    Andirons  and   Fenders, 

House-cleaning  Articles. 

BEST    QUALITY   ONLY 

REFRIGERATORS 

The  Perfection  of  Cleanliness  and  Economy. 
THE   "EDDY"—  Our  Standard  Metal  Lined. 

•"  PREMIER  '—Glass-Lined 
Orders  by  mail  receive  prompt  and  careful  attention. 

130  and  132   WEST   FORTY  -SECOND  STREET 


EYEWATER 


Society 


IF  YOU  INVEST  One  Dollar  or  Five  Thou- 
sand (the  limit)  in  The  Franklin  Society  you 
should  know 

That  it  is  subject  to  strict  supervision  of  the 
State  Banking  Department; 

That  it  can  lend  only  on  First  Mortgages  in 
New  York  City  and  immediate  vicinity; 

That  it  has  handled  millions  without  ever  los- 
ing a  cent  of  anybody's  money;  - 

That  it  has  maintained  consistently  and  persist- 
ently a  Dividend  Rate  of  Five  Per  Cent,  per 
annum. 

Begin  now.  Send  One  Dollar  or  more  and  get 
a  mailing  size  pass-book  or  write  for  Booklet  I. 

THE  FRANKLIN  SOCIETY  ""^"Lv^r "° 

FOUNDED  1888  Three  Biekman  St..  Cor.  Park  Row,  NewYorkCity 


5°/0 


XXV111 


THE     INDEPENDENT 


Central  Trust  Company 
of  Hew  York 

54  WALL  STREET    -   HEW  YORK 

CHARTERED     1873 

Capital,  $1,000,000  Undivided  Proiits,  $15,601,021.37 


Authorized    to    act    as     Executor,    Administrator,    Guardian 

or  Trustee. 

A   Legal    Depository   for   Court   Moneys. 
Allows  Interest  on  Deposits. 


UNITED  STATES  TRUST  COMPANY  OF  NEW  YORK 

45-47     WALL    STREET 

CAPITAL,  $2,000,000        SURPLUS  AND  UNDIVIDED  PROFITS,  $13, 412, 564.21 

THE     COMPANY     ACTS     AS     EXECUTOR.     ADMINISTRATOR,     TRUSTEE.     GUARDIAN,     DEPOSITARY     OF     COURT 

MONEYS,    and    in    many    other    trust   capacities. 

It  allows  Interest  at  current  rates  on  deposits,   and  holds.   inan:i?rs   and   invests   money,   securities   and  other  property, 
real   or  personal,    for   individuals,   estates   and   corporations. 

EDWARD  W.  SHELDON,  JOHN  CROSBY  BROWN,  WILLIAM  M.  KINGSLEY, 

President.  Vice-President.  2d  Vice-President. 

HENRY  E.  AHERN,  Secretary.         WILFRED  J.  WORCESTER,  Assistant  Secretary. 
CHARLES  A.  EDWARDS,  2d  Assistant  Secretary. 

TRUSTEES. 

JOHN    A.    STKWART.    Chairman  of   Board 
WILLIAM    H.    MACY.    JR.,        JOHN    CLAEI.IN. 
WILLIAM    D.    SLOAVK,  JOHN    J.    PHELPS. 

i:rsTAV    H.    SflTWAP,,  JOHN*    S.    KENNEDY, 

FRANK    I.YMAN.  D.    O.    MILLS, 

fJEORGE   F.    YIETOR,  LEWIS    CASS    LEDYARD, 

JAMES   STILLMAN,  LYMAN1  J.   GAGE, 


JOHN   CROSBY   BROWN, 
W.    BAYARD   CUTTING. 
CHARLES   S.    SMITH. 
WM.    ROCKEFELLER, 
ALEXANDER   E.   ORR, 


PAYNE   WHITNEY. 
EDWARD  W.    SHELDON, 
PHAUNCEY    KEEP, 
OEOROE    L.    RIVES, 
ARTHUR    CURTISS    JAMES. 


T.  W.  STEPHENS  &  GO. 

BANKERS 

Investment 
Bonds 

2  Wall  Street,  New  York 


John  Munroe  &  Co. 

30  Pine  St.,  New  York 
4  Post  Off  ice  Sq.,  Boston 

LETTERS  OF  CREDIT 

In  Sterling,  Francs  and  Dollars  for  Travel  in 
this  and  Foreign  Countries 


Commercial  Letters  of  Credit,  Bills  of 
Exchange  and  Cable  Transfers 

MUNROE  &  CO.,  7  Roe  Scribe,  Paris 


THE    INDEPENDENT 


XXIX 


Guaranteed 
Bonds 


Sound 


Denominations 
$500   &   $1000 


Investments 

to   yield    5.75    per  cent. 

WE  OFFER— Subject  to  prior  sale  or  advance  in  price  without  notice 

$600,000  First  Issue  Collateral  Trust, 
Serial,  Gold  5%  Bonds 


SECURED  by  wide  margin  of  equity. 

PROTECTED    by    Surplus    Earnings    amounting   to  more  than  SIX 
TIMES  the  interest  charges  of  this  issue. 

For  Special  Circular  04,   giving  price  and  full  information,  address  Bond  Department, 

A.  H.  BICKMORE  ®  CO.,  Banhers 


30    PINE    STREET 


NEW    YORK 


Bertron,  Griscom 
&  Jenks 

BANKERS 


Land  Title  Building 
Philadelphia 


40  Wall  Street 
New  York 


INVESTMENT  SECURITIES 

We  control  and  operate  over  twenty  public 
service  corporations  situated  in  different  parts  of 
the  United  States.  These  are  large,  prosperous 
companies  with  large  earnings  that  are  increasing 
rapidly.  The  operation  of  these  properties  is  in 
the  hands  of  well-known  engineers  and  experts 
connected  with  our  organization,  thus  insuring  the 
most  skillful  and  economical  management. 

We  make  a  specialty  of  offering  high-grade 
Electric  Railway,  Gas  and  Electric  Light  and 
Power  securities  which  we  own,  on  properties 
which  we  control,  and  at  original  offering  prices. 

First  Mortgage  Bonds 
to  net  from  \Y*  to  6% 

Descriptive  circulars  and  latest  statements  of 
earnings  furnished  on  request. 

CORRESPONDENCE  INVITED 


FISK  &  ROBINSON 

BANKERS 

Government  Bonds 

Investment 
Securities 


Members  New  York  Stock  Exchange 


SPECIAL  LIST  OF  CURRENT  OFFERINGS 
ON  APPLICATION 


NEW  YORK:   35  Cedar  Street 
BOSTON:    28  State  Street 
CHICAGO:    115  Adams  Street 


TT-TK    INDEPENDENT 


BONDS    OF   OUR    COUNTRY 

Conceded  safest  of  all  known  investments 

CITY,    COUNTY,    SCHOOL  &  DISTRICT 


United  States  Treasury  accepts  them  from  banks  for  circulation  or  Government 

deposits     Sold  by  us  for  cash  or  on  semi-annual,  quarterly  or  monthly  payments. 

Adopt  this  systematic  method  of  saving,  better  and  safer  than  a  savings  bank. 

DENOMINATION  $100.00  UP 

Correspondence  invited  from  those  having  large  or  small  amounts.      Write  Dept.  "L"  for  booklet,  price  and  method 


No  Speculative 
Securities  Offered 


The  New  First  National  Bank 


ASSETS  OVER  $5.000.000 


Department  "L" 
COLUMBUS.  OHIO 


THE  AUDIT  COMPANY  OF  NEW  YORK 

••Tlie    Oldest    and     Foremost" 

Home  Office,  165  Broadway 

Branches — Chicago,   Philadelphia,  Boston,   Pittsburg,  Atlanta,   Rochester. 

CONFIDENTIAL    AUDITS,    INVESTIGATIONS,    AND    ENGINEERING 

APPRAISALS. 

THE  REPORTING  OF  INDISPUTABLE  FACTS 


EDWARD  T.  FERINE,  President 


F.  C.  RICHARDSON,  Sec'y  and  Treas. 


J.  G.  WHITE  &  COMPANY 

INCORPORATED 

ENGINEERS,  CONTRACTORS 

43-49  EXCHANGE  PLACE NEW    YORK,    IM.    Y- 


ENGINEERING  DEPARTMENT 

Reports  made  on  Electric  Railways,  Electric 
Light  and  Power  Properties,  Steam  Railways, 
Irrigation  Systems,  etc.,  etc.,  for  Trust  Com- 
panies, Bankers  and  Investors.  Separate  Mechani- 
cal, Electrical,  Civil  and  Hydraulic  Engineering 
Departments.  Acts  as  Consulting  or  Supervising 
Engineers  for  work  embraced  in  any  of  its  de- 
partments. 

OPERATING  DEPARTMENT 

Electric  Railways,  Electric  Light  and  Power 
Plants,  Gas  Works,  Water  Works,  etc.,  operated. 


CONSTRUCTION    DEPARTMENT 

Electric  Railways,  Electric  Light  and  Power 
Plants,  Water  Power  Development,  Steam  Rail- 
roads, Water  Works,  Gas  Works,  Irrigation  Sys- 
tems, etc.,  etc.  Complete  Contractor's  Plant 
available  for  all  kinds  of  work. 

FINANCE   DEPARTMENT 

Assistance  given  in  financing  meritorious  enter- 
prises. 


London  Correspondents: 


J.  G.  WHITE  &,  COMPANY,   Ltd. 

9  Cloak  Lane,  Cannon  Street,  London,  E.  C. 

Principal    Philippine    Office,    Manila,    F».     I, 


THE    INDEPENDENT 


XXXI 


HUDSON  TRUST  COMPANY 

BROADWAY  and  39th  STREET 


STATEMENT  APRIL  28th,    1909. 
^RESOURCES. 


Loans   and   investments'   

Cash  on  hand  and  in  banks. 

Furniture  and  fixtures    

Accrued   interest   receivable 


LIABILITIES. 


Capital    

Surplus    (on   market   value) 

Reserved    for  taxes    

Accrued    interest    payable    . 
DEPOSITS     


SAFE  DEPOSIT  VAULTS. 


$2,812,090  53 

1,171.354  39 

13,715  26 

11,303  75 

$4,008,463  93 

$500,000  00 

670,112  00 

7,184  76 

228  74 

2.830,938  43 

$4,008,463  93 


THE 


INVESTMENTS 


ARE  LOANS  UPON  FARMS,  COMBINING 

1.  A  liberal  rate  of  Interest. 

2.  Ample  security. 

3.  Increasing  security  from  the  fact  that  the  sup- 
ply of  agricultural  land  la  not  equal  to  the  demand. 

For  33  years  we  have  sold  such  loans  and  no 
buyer  has  waited  a  day  for  payment  of  principal 
or  interest. 

THE  MIDDLESEX  BANKING  COMPANY 

M1DDLETOWN,  CONNECTICUT 
ASSETS  OVER        ....       $6.000,000 


THE 

IDEAL 

INVESTMENT 

3NVESTMENTS  that  carry  with  them  every 
safeguard  as  to  principal  and  interest  usually 
net  the  investor  a  small  return. 
With    rare   exceptions  investments    that    offer 
large  returns  contain  a  correspondingly  large  ele- 
ment of  risk. 

THE  IDEAL  INVESTMENT  is  one  that  not 
only  insures  the  safety  of  the  principal  and  the 
return  of  a  moderate  rate  of  interest,  but  which 
gives  the  principal  an  additional  earning  power 
commensurate  with  the  success  of  the  business  on 
which  the  investment  is  based. 

This    Company    deals     exclusively    in 
Investments  of  the  latter  class. 

Descriptive  circulars  will  be  sent  on  application. 

The  American  Finance  & 
Securities  Company 

5  Nassau  Street  (Hanover  Bank  Building),  New  York 


EYE  WATER 


A  Sound 
Investment 


For   Missionary 
faying  an  Income  for  Life 

We  have  prepared  a  booklet  outlining  the 
plan  approved  by  the  Presbyterian  General 
Assembly  by  which  you  can  obtain  a  good 
income  from  your  investment  funds— at  the 
same  time  setting  the  principal  at  work 
along  Sunday  School  missionary  lines — 
while  you  live.  We  are  offering  in  sums  of 
$500,  $1000,  and  $5000 

Annuity  Gold  Bonds 

of  the 
Witherspoon  Building 

These  bonds  will  discharge  the  mortgaged 
indebtedness  of  $300,000  on  the*  Wither- 
spoon Building,  enabling  the  Board  to  direct 
tne  entire  income  therefrom  to  the  growing 
missionary  work.  Those  who  desire  an 
assured  income  for  life,  or  parents  who 
would  protect  their  children,  will  be  at  once 
impressed  with  the  unusual  character  of  this 
investment. 

The  General  Assembly  records  its  opinion 
as  follows: 

"In  view  of  the  missionary  character  of  the  Board's 
work,  the  absolute  security  of  the  annuity  offered, 
and  the  equitable  and  advantageous  income  derived 
therefrom  by  the  beneficiary,  it  is  believed  that 
little  difficulty  will  be  experienced  in  disposing  of 
a  sufficient  amount  of  these  bonds  to  accomplish 
the  desired  result  of  discharging  the  existing  encum- 
brance upon  the  Witherspoon  Building." 

if  you  desire  to  take  advantage  of  this 
double  opportunity,  send  your  subscription 
or  write  for  a  copy  of  the  booklet  containing 
full  information. 

Presbyterian  Board  of  Publication 
and  Sabbath-School  Work 

F.  M.  BRASEIyMANN,  Treasurer 
124  Witherspoon  Building.  Philadelphia 


THE  INDEPENDENT 


REPORT   OF  THE    CONDITION   OF   THE 
LINCOLN  NATIONAL   BANK 

at   New   York,   in  the  State  of   New   York,    at   the   close   of 
business   April   28th,    1909: 

RESOURCES. 

Loans   and    discounts    

Overdrafts,    secured   and   unsecured.. 

U.    S.    bonds   to    secure    circulation 

U.    S.    bonds   to  secure   U.    S.    deposits 10,000  00 

Bonds,     securities,     etc 3,804,284  " 

Due     from     National     banks      (not     reserve 

agents)     

Due   from  State   banks  and   bankers ' 

Advances   on   letters   of   credit 

Checks  and   other  cash   items 

Exchanges   for   Clearing   House 

Notes   of  other    National    banks 

Fractional  paper  currency,   nickels  and  cents 
Lawful  money   reserve   in   bank,    viz. : 

Specie    

Legal-tender    notes    

Redemption    fund    with    U.    S.    Treasurer    (5 

per  cent,    of   circulation) 


.  $11,553,163  17 
1,004  36 
740,000  00 


805,890  73 

94,313  31 

131,231  85 

99,595  28 

605,185  20 

35,155  00 

9,705  46 

3,060,162  95 
1,082,221  00 


37,000  00 
32,000  00 


Due    from    U.     S      Treasurer,     other    than    5 
per    cent,    redemption    fund    

Total $22,100,913  14 

LIABILITIES. 

Capital   stock   paid    in    $1,000,000  00 

Surplus    fund     1,000,000  00 

Undivided    profits,    less    expenses    and    taxes 

paid     270,496  69 

National  banknotes  outstanding    719,597  50 

Due  to  other   National   banks    748,656  55 

Due    to   State   banks   and   bankers 479.578  07 

Due    to  trust  companies  and  savings  banks. .  901,639  01 

Letters    of    credit    issued    131,231  85 

Dividends    unpaid     19,636  00 

Individual    deposits    subject    to    check 16,053,72808 

Demand  certificates  of  deposit 105,343  70 

COUIK,-'    account    300  00 

Certified    checks    85,036  82 

Cashier's    checks    outstanding    29,918  87 

United    States   deposits    10,000  00 

Bonds    borrowed    540,000  00 

Reserved  for  taxes    5,750  00 

Total    $22,100,913  14 

State  of  New  York,  County  of  New   York,   ss.: 

I,  CHARLES  ELLIOT  WARREN.  Cashier  of  the  above- 
named  bank,  do  solemnly  swear  that  the  above  statement 
is  true  to  the  best  of  mv  knowledge  and  belief. 

CHARLES   ELLIOT   WARREN.    Cashier. 
Subscribed    and    sworn    to    before    me    this    30th    day    of 
April,    1909. 

J.    H.    TIMMERMAN, 

Notary   Public  No.   36,  New   York   County. 
Correct—  Attest: 

WILLIAM    BREWSTER,  ) 

HARRY   J.    LUCE,  Directors. 

THOMAS    L.    JAMES,        ) 


DIVIDENDS 


THE  CORN  EXCHANGE  BANK 

New  York,  April  2  ist,  1909. 

The  Board  of  Directors  has  this  day  declared  a  quar- 
terly dividend  of  FOUR  PER  CENT.,  (4%),  payable 
May  ist,  1909,  to  stockholders  of  record  at  the  close  of 
business  April  24th,  1909. 

F.  T.   MARTIN,   Cashier. 

GENERAL  CHEMICAL  COMPANY 

25  Broad  Street.   New  York,   May  1st,   1909. 
A   dividend   of  one   per  cent.    (1%)    has  been   declared   on 
the   common    stock   of   this   company,    payable   June    1st.    to 
stockholders  of  record  at  3   o'clock   P.    M..   May   24th,   1909. 
TAMES   L.    MORGAN,' Treasurer. 

THE  NASSAU   BANK 

New    York,    April    28,    1909. 
112th  CONSECUTIVE  DIVIDEND 

A  semi-annual  dividend  of  FOUR  (4)  PER  CENT, 
was  this  day  declared  out  of  the  earnings  of  the  la^t 
six  months,  payable,  free  of  tax,  on  and  after  May  ist. 
1909,  to  stockholders  of  record  April  30th,  1909. 

EDWARD  EARL,   President. 


REPORT   OF  THE    CONDITION    OF  THE 

IMPORTERS  AND  TRADERS  NATIONAL  BANK 

OF  NEW  YORK 

at  New    York,   in    the  State   of  New    York,    at   the   close   of 
business    April   28th,    1909: 

RESOURCES. 

Loans    and    discounts    $27,215,801  04 

Overdrafts,   secured   and   unsecured    6,754  04 

U.    S.    bonds   to   secure   circulation 50,00000 

Other  bonds  to   secure   U.    S.   deposits 12.000  00 

Bonds,    securities,    etc 136,60000 

Banking    house,    furniture   and   fixtures 700,00000 

Due      from      National      banks      (not      reserve 

agents) 1,688,483  02 

Due   from    State   banks    and    bankers 264,17409 

Checks  and  other  cash  items 186,797  66 

Exchanges    for    Clearing    House 1,299.87402 

Notes    of    other    National    banks. ._._. 832  00 

Fractional   paper  currency,   nickels  and   cents  4,940  00 
Lawful  money  reserve  in  bank,  viz.: 

Specie    4,236,000  00 

Legal-tender    notes    1,876,271  00 

Redemption    fund    with    U.    S.    Treasurer    (5 

•  per  cent    of  circulation)    2,500  00 

Due    from    U.     S.     Treasurer,     other    than    5 

per   cent,    redemption    fund    90,000  00 

Total     $37,771,026  87 

LIABILITIES. 

Capital  stock,   paid   in    $1,500,000  00 

Surplus   fund    6,000,000  00 

Undivided    profits,    less    expenses    and    taxes 

paid     1,409,390  82 

National    banknotes    outstanding    47,000  00 

State    banknotes    outstanding     5,680  00 

Due   to  other   National   banks 9.978,48077 

Due  to  State  banks  and   bankers 1,890,436  62 

Due  to  trust  companies  and   savings  banks..  2,366,468  42 

Dividends    unpaid     4,911  00 

Individual   deposits  subject   to   check 13,368,062  T.', 

Demand    certificates    of    deposit 500,00000 

Certified    checks    419,194  33 

Cashier's    checks    outstanding    235,60270 

United    States   deposits    10,000  00 

Bonds    borrowed    12,000  00 

Reserved   for   taxes    23,799  48 


Total     $37,771,026  87 

State  of   New  York,    County   of   New   York,   ss.: 

I.  H.  H.  POWELL,  C*shier  of  the  above-named  bank, 
do  solemnly  swear  that  the  above  statement  is  true  to 
the  best  of  my  knowledge  and  belief. 

H.    H.    POWELL.    Cashier. 

Subscribed  and  sworn  to  before  me  this  30th  day  of 
April,  1909. 

CHAS.  E.  MCCARTHY,  Notary  Public. 
Correct— Attest: 

EDWARD     TOWNSEND, ) 

H.    R.    ICKELHEIMER,    £     Directors. 

H.    C.    HULBERT,  ) 


PACIFIC     BANK 

470  Broadway,   New  York,   April  20th,    1909. 
The  Board  of  Directors  has  this  day  declared  the   reguhir 
quarterly  dividend   of  two   per  cent.,   payable   to   the   stock- 
holders   on    and    after   May    1st    next.      The    transfer    books 
will   be   closed   to   May   1st,   1909. 

S.    C.    MERWIN,    Cashier. 


The  United  States  Leather  Co. 

The  coupons  of  the  Debenture  Bonds  of  this  Company, 
due  May  ist,  1909,  will  be  paid  on  and  after  that  date 
at  the  National  Park  Bank,  New  York. 

JAMES    R.    PLUM,    Treasurer. 


6%     INTEREST    NET 

Payable    Semi-annually 

Minneapolis  mortgages  in  sums  of  $500  to  $2.500.  Serni1- 
il\  Choice  residence  property  in  Minneapolis,  the  most  pro- 
ttivssivi  ;|1HJ  prosperous  Citv  in  the  \ortli\vest.  Some 
facts— Population  in  1900.  200.000:  in  lltos.  :'.1<UHi!i:  M:mk 
i 'I,-;, rane-es  In  1908,  $1,150,000,000:  Building  Permits  in  H»»>x. 
$l<t.(HM'i,OOO.  25  years'  successful  experience  without  the 
loss  of  a  dollar  to  investors.  Refer  by  permission  to  The 
Independent.  Write  us  for  booklet  and  full  information.' 

THOMPSON  BROS.  4  Security  Bank  Bldg. 

MINNEAPOLIS 


THE     INDEPENDENT 


XXXlll 


REPORT  OF   THE    CONDITION    OF  THE 
NATIONAL   PARK    BANK 

at   New  York,   in  the  State  of   New  York,   at  the  close  of 
business   April  28th,   1909: 

RESOURCES. 

Loans    and    discounts    $83,223,94550 

Overdrafts,   secured  -and   unsecured    102,625  29 

U.   S.  bonds  to  secure  circulation 3,000,00000 

U.   S.   bonds  to  secure  U.   S.   deposits 1,000  00 

Other  bonds  to  secure  D.    S.   deposits 11,000  00 

U.   S.   bonds  on   hand    600,000  00 

Premiums   on    D.    S.    bonds    13,469  70 

Bonds,    securities,    etc 1,474,099  21 

Banking    house,    furniture,    and    fixtures 2,567,89630 

Due      from     National     banks      (not     reserve 

agents)     3,181,221  79 

Due  from  State  and  private  banks  and  bank- 
ers,   trust   companies,   and   savings   banks..  664,736  15 

Checks    and    other    cash    items 400,40531 

Exchanges    for   Clearing    House    9,289,370  37 

Notes   of  other   National   banks 98,00000 

Lawful  money  reserve   in   bank,    viz..: 

Specie     24,927,490  29 

Legal-tender    notes    808,768  00 

Redemption    fund    with    U.    S.    Treasurer    (5  * 

per  cent,    of   circulation)    150,00000 

Due  from  U.   S.  Treasurer   160,000  00 


Total     $130,674,027  91 

LIABILITIES. 

Capital   stock   paid   in    $3,000,000  00 

Surplus    fund     7,000,000  00 

Undivided    profits,    less    expenses    and    taxes 

paid     2,681,441  17 

National    banknotes    outstanding    2,943,597  50 

Due  to   other   National   banks 35,885,69239 

Due  to  State  and  private  banks  and  bankers  22,981,969  08 

Due  to  trust  companies  and  savings  banks..  11,592,571  PO 

Dividends    unpaid     1,596  00 

Individual    deposits    subject    to    chock 40,517,93360 

Demand  certificates  of  deposit    44,000  00 

Certified    checks    2,438,833  66 

Cashier's   checks    outstanding    1,501,393  01 

United    States    deposits     10.000  00 

Reserved    for    taxes 75,000  00 


Total     $130,674,027  91 

State  of   New   York,    County   of   New   York,    ss. : 

I.  M.  H.  EWER,  Cashier  of  the  above-named  bank,  do 
solemnly  swear  that  the  above  statement  is  true,  to  the 
best  of  my  knowledge  and  belief. 

M.   H.    EWER,    Cashier. 

Subscribed  and  sworn  to  before  me  this  29th  day  of 
April,  1909. 

WM.    E.   DOUGLAS, 
Notary   Public,    N.   Y.  Co. 
Correct — Attest: 

FRANCIS    R.    APPLETON,  ) 

AUGUST    BELMONT,  [    Directors. 

GEO.    FREDK.    VIETOR.      ) 


CONDENSED    REPORT    OF    THE    CONDITION    OF 

The  Merchants  National  Bank 

Of  the  City  of  New  York 

At  the   close  of  business  April  28th,    1909. 

RESOURCES. 

Loans   and    discounts    $17,595,06544 

U.    S.    bonds  and   other   securities 3,620,554  16 

Banking     house     995,257  34 

Cash   and   due  from   banks 13,884,392  70 


$36,095,269  64 
LIABILITIES. 

Capital    stock    $2,000,000  00 

Surplus    and    undivided    profits 1,665,18193 

Circulation     1,369  500  00 

Deposits     31,060,587  71 

$36,095,269  64 


I  AND"  in  the  United  States,  proven  by 
LAN!!  native  grassC9  and  proven  by 
yield  of  wheat.  It  has  been  "farmed  out"  and  is  no 
longer  a  question.  Are  you  interested  as  a  purchaser? 
Are  you  a  producer? 

I  have,  also,  just  a  few  choice  "stock  ranches"   close 
to  the  mountains,  just  a  few. 

.  J.   E.  WEBB,  Choteau,  Montana. 


REPORT   OF   THE   CONDITION    OF   THE 
AMERICAN  EXCHANGE  NATIONAL  BANK 

at   New  York,   in  the  State  of  New  York,   at  the  close  of 
business   April  28th,    1909: 

RESOURCES. 
Loans   and    discounts    $23,383,242  40 


Overdrafts,   secured  and  unsecured    ^*,o<i 

U.    S.    bonds   to  secure   circulation 5,000,000 

U.    S.    bonds   to   secure   U.    S.   deposits 

Bonds,    securities,    etc 

Banking   house,   furniture,    and    fixtures 

Other   real   estate   owned    

Due      from      National     banks,      (not      reserve 

agents)     

Due   from   State    banks    and    bankers 

Checks  and   other  cash   items. 


24,877  59 
00 

250,000  00 
2,184,265  24 
1,600,000  00 
1,045,768  69 

3,663,049  88 
339,992  19 
24,149  58 


Exchanges  for  Clearing  House  7,100,70747 

Notes  of  other  National  banks 45,00000 

Fractional  paper  currency,  nickels  and  cents  1,537  75 
Lawful  money  reserve  in  bank,  viz. : 

Specie    3,921,79900 

Legal-tender  notes  1,640,000  00 

Redemption  fund  with  U.  S.  Treasurer,  (5 

per  cent,  of  circulation) 250,000  00 

Due  from  U.  S.  Treasurer,  other  than  5 

per    cent,    redemption    fund    208,000  00 


Total     $50,682,389  79 

LIABILITIES. 

Capital   stock   paid    in    $5,000,000  00 

Surplus   fund    2,250,000  00 

Undivided    profits,     less    expenses    and    taxes 

paid    3,145,550  38 

National  banknotes  outstanding    4,900,700  00 

Due   to   other   National    banks 9,478,69157 

Due   to  State   banks  and  bankers 2,818,008  15 

Due  to  trust  companies  and   savings   banks..  795,069  44 

Dividends    unpaid     5,654  50 

Individual    deposits    subject    to    check 19,594,84507 

Demand    certificates    of    deposit 127,11853 

Certified    checks    1,596,760  06 

Cashier's    checks    outstanding    462,908  07 

United    States    deposits    255,18217 

Bonds    borrowed    250,000  00 

Reserved    for    taxes    » . . . .  1,901  85 


Total     $50,682,389  79 

State   of   New   York,    Count.y    of   New    York,    ss. : 

I,  EDWARD  BURNS,  Cashier  of  the  above-named  bank, 
do  solemnly  swear  that  the  above  statement  is  true  to  the 
best  of  my  knowledge  and  belief. 

EDWARD    BURNS.    Cashier. 

Subscribed  and  sworn  to  before  me  this  29th  day  of 
April,  1909. 

[Seal.]  ELBERT    A.    BENNETT, 

Notary  Public.    Kings  County. 
Certificate   filed   in   New   York   County. 
Correct — Attest : 

JNO.    T.    TERRY,       ) 

J.     R.     MAXWELL.    [  Directors. 

DUMONT    CLARKE,  \ 

THE  EAST  RIVER  NATIONAL  BANK 

New    York  City,   April  28th,    1909. 

RESOURCES. 

Loans    and    discounts    $1,148,15362 

United    States    bonds    50,000  00 

Other   bonds    189.181  25 

Banking    house    150,000  00 

Other    real    estate    24,265  87 

Due    from    banks    143.351  97 

Exchanges    63,515  63 

Cash    and     reserve     495.031  32 


Capital    

Surplus   and    profits 

Circulation     

Due    to   banks    

Deposits     


LIABILITIES. 


$2.263,49!)  60 

$250,000  00 

103,947  19 

50.000  00 

39.782  07 

1,819.770  40 

OFFICERS.  $2.263,499  66 

VINCENT    LOESER,    President. 
FREDERIC     T.     HUME,     Vice-President. 
ZEN  AS   E.    NEWELL.    Cashier. 
GEORGE    E.     HOYER,     Assistant    Cashier. 


Why  put  your  money  in  tlie  bank  at  3  per  cent,  when 
we  can  place  any  amount  from  $200  to  $5,000  for  you 
at  6  per  cent.,  and  every  dollar  absolutely  secured  by 
FIRST  CLASS  FARM  MORTGAGES.  Write  for  full 

B.  H.  BONFOEY 

MORTGAGE  LOAN  BANKER 

Eatablifhed  1879  Unlonvllle.  Mo. 


xxxiv 


THE    INDEPENDENT 


THE 

T 


FIDEUTT  m  Epun  co. 


1876 
FIDELITY 
LIABILITY 
ACCIDENT 
HEALTH 
STEAM  BOILER 
ELEVATOR 
PLATE  GLASS 
BURGLARY 
FLY  WHEEL 


OF  NEW    YORK 

GEORGE  F.  SEWARD,  President 
ROBERT  J.  HILLAS,  Vice-President  and  Secretary 


1909 


This  Company  has  been  engaged  in  the  several  MINOR  MISCELLANEOUS 
LINES  of  insurance  for  THIRTY -THREE  YEARS,  and  has  built  up  gradually  and 
prudently  A  VERY  LARGE  CASUALTY  INSURANCE  BUSINESS.  Its  annual  in- 
come from  premiums  is  over  SIX  MILLION  THREE  HUNDRED  THOUSAND  DOL- 
LARS. Its  business  Is  protected  by  assets  of  over  EIGHT  MILLION  SIX 
HUNDRED  THOUSAND  DOLLARS,  including  an  unearned  premium  reserve 
of  over  THREE  AND  ONE-HALF  MILLION,  DOLLARS,  and  a  special  reserve 
against  contingent  claims  of  over  ONE  MILLION  SIX  HUNDRED  THOUSAND 
DOLLARS.  It  has  paid  over  TWENTY-NINE  MILLIONS  to  its  policy-holders 
for  LOSSES.  Its  constant  effort  is  to  give  its  clients  not  only  INSURANCE 
Indemnity,  but  prompt  and  effective  INSPECTION  and  ADJUSTING  SERVICES. 

INSURANCE  THAT  INSURES 


CAPITAL,  $1,000,000 


DUMONT  CLARKE, 
WM.  P.  DIXON, 
ALFRED  W.  HOYT, 


DIRECTORS: 

GEO.  B.  IDE,  J.  G.  McCULLOUGH, 

W.  G.  LOW,  WM.  J.  MATHESON, 

FRANK  LYMAN,  ALEXANDER  E.  ORR, 


SURPLUS,  $2,011,834 

HENRY  E.  PIERREPONT, 
ANTON  A.  RAVEN, 
JOHN  L.  RIKER, 


W.  EMLEN  ROOSEVELT,  GEO.  F.  SEWARD. 

Principal  Offices,  Nos.  97-103  Cedar  Street,  New  York 

Agents  in  all  considerable  towns 


STATE  MUTUAL 

LIFE  ASSURANCE  COMPANY 

OF  WORCESTER,  MASS. 
A.  G.  BULLOCK,      •       President 


January  1, 1909 

ASSETS    $32,540,041.03 

LIABILITIES     29,843.943.37 

SURPLUS    (Massachusetts   Standard) $2,696,098.66 

Cash  surrender  values  stated  in  every  policy,  and  guar- 
anteed by  the  Massachusetts  Non-Forfeiture  law. 

NEW  YORK  OFFICE,  220  BROADWAY 

C.  W.  ANDERSON  &  SON,  Gen.  Agents 


INCORPORATED    1851 

BERKSHIRE  LIFE 

INSURANCE  COMPANY 

PITTSFIELD.    MASS. 

The  definite  surreiider  values  in  cash,  or  paid  up  insur- 
ance, guaranteed  by  the  Massachusetts  Non-Forfeiture  Law, 
in  accordance  with  which  all  policies  of  the  BERKSHIRE 
are  issued;  the  solid  financial  condition  of  the  company; 
its  large  surplus;  its  handsome  dividends;  its  liberal  poli- 
cies; and  its  promptness  in  paying  «11  legitimate  claims, 
make  the  BERKSHIRE  a  most  desirable  company  for  the 
policytoolder  and  the  agent.  For  circulars  and  rates  ad- 
dress, 

JOHN  H.  ROBINSON, 

General  Agent  for  New  York  and  New  Jersey 
326  Broadway.  Corner  Murray  Street.  New  York 


National  Lite 


MONTPELIER,  VERMONT 


Established  in  1850. 


Operating  in  36  States. 


JOSEPH   A.   DEBOER,   Prest. 

FRED    A.    HOWLAND,    V. -Prest. 
JAMES  B.  ESTEE,  zd  V.-Prest. 

OSMAN   D.   CLARK,   Secretary. 
H.    M.    CUTLER,   Treasurer. 

A.   B.  BISBEE,   Med.   Director. 
C.   E.   MOULTON,   Actuary. 


This   Company  held  January    i,    1909,    and   gained 
during  the   past   decade: 


ASSETS.  - 
SURPLUS,  - 
INSURANCE. 


$  44,026,069.73  Gain.  173% 
$  5,279,925.70  Gain,  174% 
$155,755,039.00  Gain,  93% 


Absolute  Security  and  Economy  of 
Management 


THE  LIVERPOOL 
AND  LONDON 

AND  GLOBE 

INSURANCE    COMPANY 


NSW  YORK  OfFIOS,  No.  4$ 


THE    INDEPENDENT 


XXXV 


INSURE  IN  THE  COMPANY  OF  CER- 
TAIN ABILITY  TO  MEET  HEAVY  CON- 
FLAGRATION LOSSES  AT  ANY  TIME 
IN  NEW  YORK.  BOSTON,  PHILADEL- 
PHIA, ETC; 

A  CONTINENTAL  POLICY  COSTS 
NO  MORE  THAN  THAT  OF  THE  HUN- 
DREDS OF  COMPANIES  WITH  LIMITED 
RESOURCES,  WHICH  PROPERTY  OWN- 
ERS UNTHINKINGLY  ACCEPT. 

SEND  YOUR  STATE  INSURANCE  DEP'T 
A  LIST  OF  YOUR  INSURANCE  AND 
ASK  THEM  TO  TELL  YOU  THE  NET 
SURPLUS  OF  EACH  COMPANY. 


CONTINENTAL  FIRE   INSURANCE  CO 


Principal  Office 
46  Cedar  Street.  New  York 


Western  Department 
280  LaSalle  Street,  Chicago. 


Htlantic  fIDutual 

flnsurance  Company 

ATLANTIC  BUILDING,  5 1  WALL  STREET,  NEW  YORK 

Insures  Against  Marine  and  Inland  Transportation 
Risk  and  will  Issue  Policies  Making  Loss  Pay- 
able in  Europe  and  Oriental  Countries. 

Chartered  by  the  State  of  New  York  in  1842, 
was  preceded  by  a  stock  company  of  a  similar 
name.  The  latter  company  was  liquidated  and  part 
of  its  capital,  to  the  extent  of  $100,000,  was  used, 
with  consent  of  the  stockholders,  by  the  Atlantic 
Mutual  Insurance  Company  and  repaid,  with  a  bonus 
and  interest,  at  the  expiration  of  two  years. 

During   its   existence   the   company 

has     insured     property      to      the 

value  of    $23,353,407,439.00 

Received   premiums  thereon   to  the 

extent  of    

Paid   losses  during   that   period 

Issued     certificates     of     profits     to 

dealers   

Of  which  there  have  been  redeemed 
Leaving     outstanding     at     present 

time 

Interest       paid       on       certificates. 

amounts   to    

On    December  31.    1908.    the   assets 

of  the  company  amounted  to. ... 


233,923,910.44 
132,635,925.29 

83,811,450.00 
76,439,840.00 

7,371,610.00 
20,369,710.05 
12,824,105.23 

The  profits  of  the  company  revert  to  the  assured 
and  are  divided  annually  upon  the  premiums  ter- 
minated during  the  year,  thereby  reducing  the  cost 
of  insurance. 

For  such  dividends,  certificates  are  issued  subject 
to  dividends  of  interest  until  ordered  to  be  redeemed 
in  accordance  with  the  charter. 

A.   A.   RAVEN,   President. 

CORNELIUS   ELDERT,    Vice-President 

SANFORD    E.    COBB,    2d   Vice-President 

CHARLES   E.    FAY,   3d   Vice-President. 

JOHN  H.   JONES  STEWART,   4th  Vice-President 

G.  STANTON  FLOYD-JONES,   Secretary. 


52-54  William   Street, 
New  York. 

FINANCIAL  STATEMENT 
December  31st,    1908. 

Reserves    and    surplus    for    benefit    of 

policyholders $1,741,728  33 

ASSETS. 

Bonds     » $1,093,61062 

Stocks    f 326,011  BO 

Cash     in     office,     banks,     and     trust 

companies    130,288  96 

Premiums  in  course  of  collection,   not 

over   90    days    277,681  73 

Interest    accrued    16,228  35 

Reinsurance     due     from     other     com- 
panies     


LIABILITIES. 
1'olicy-holders     premium     reserve     as 

required    by    New    York    Insurance 

Department     

Policy-holders  loss  reserve  as  required 

by    New   York    State   law 

Reserve    for    taxes,    commissions,    and 

all    other   charges    

Capital  and  surplus    


2,822  33 
$1.846,643  49 

$693,813  75 
286,601  32 

104,915  16 
761,313  26 


$1,846,643  49 
Premiums    received    since    organization  $6,817,545  12 

Losses   paid   since    organization $2,389,66897 

Boiler,  fly  wheel,  elevator  and  liabil- 
ity inspections  made  since  organiza- 
tion   218,537 

OFFICERS. 

LYMAN    A.    SPALDING,          EDWIN   W.    DeLEON, 
Ch'm  Board  of  Directors.  President. 

EDWARD   L.    HEARN,  JOHN   E.    CONNELLY, 

Vice-President.  Treasurer. 

NICOLAS   W.    MULLER,    Secretary. 


XXXVI 


THE    INDEPENDENT 


Health 
Beauty 


PEARS' 

brings  health 
and  beauty  into 
the  closest 
association. 

PEARS' 

means  personal 
cleanliness  at 
the  smallest 
possible  cost. 


Cleanliness 
Econom 

Pears' 


OF  ALL  SCENTED  SOAPS  PEAKS'  OTTO  OF  ROSE  JS  THE  BEST. 

All  rightiucured" 


•   I 


It  will  create  in  him  a 

desire  for  nature  and  the  out  of  doors.     It  will 
be   for   him   a  continual  incentive  to  manliness 
and  self  reliance. 

It  will  afford  him  clean,  wholesome  sport 
and  exercise  that  will  not  only  make  him  sturdy 
in  body  but  will  train  his  eye — make  him  defi- 
nite in  his  judgments  and  quick  in  action — facul- 
ties he'll  find  most  useful  when  he's  grown  up. 

A  Stevens  is  true  to    the    mark,  accurately 
adjusted,  thoroughly  tested 

It  has  a  quality  appearance  and  finish  which  makes  a  boy 
proud  to  carry  it.  Made  since  1864.  More  marksmanship 
records  have  been  won  with  it  than  with  all  other  arms  combined. 

Your  boy  will  enjoy  this  book — 

m  BEARD'S  "GUNS  AND  GUNNING" 

Beautifully  Illustrated  by  Bellmore  H.  Browne 

An  interesting  and  valuable  volume  on  camping,  woodcraft,  habits  of  game 
birds;  which  animals  are  pests  and  which  are  not,  etc.  Sent  postpaid  for 
20c,  paper  cover;  or  30c  cloth  cover,  stamped  in  gilt. 

Send  for  Stevens  Catalog  of  Rifles,  Shotguns, 
Pistols— learn  how  well  made  they  are  and  how  moderate  in 
price.  6  cents  for  postage  brings  it.  Ask  your  dealer  and  insist 
on  the  Stevens — there  are  no  substitutes.  If  you  can't  obtain, 
we'll  ship  direct,  express  prepaid,  on  receipt  of  catalog  price. 

J.  Stevens  Arms  &  Tool  Co.,  900  Grove  Street,  Chicopee  Falls,  Mass.,  U.S.A. 


To  every  out-door  hobby,  to  every  delight  of  nature, 
to  the  very  Spirit  of  Spring  itself,  there  is  an  added 
charm  for  those  who 

KODAK 

Not  merely  for  the  sake  of  the  moment's  pleasure,  but  even  more  for  the 
pleasure  in  the  years  that  follow,  the  Kodak  is  worth  while.  And  it's  all 
so  simple  now  that  anybody  can  make  good  pictures.  Kodak,  you  know, 
means  photography  with  the  bother  left  out. 


KODAKS,  $5.00  to  $100.00. 


EASTMAN  KODAK  COMPANY, 


tgop  Catalogue  at  your 
dealers  or  by  mail. 


ROCHESTER.  N.  Y.,  The  Kodak  City. 


_j 


Cay  lor*  = 

PAMPHLET  BINDER 
Syroco$e,'N.  Y. 
Stockton.  Calif 


